Task C- Career Pathway Essay

Complete level 2 certificate children and young people’s workforce To complete the level 2 certificate I need to take a maths, English and ICT test. I also need to be working in an appropriate environment. To help me achieve this qualification I will need the support of my tutor. I can also utilise my work colleagues particularly those who are more experienced and qualified. I can use the internet for researching and also textbooks e.g. Heinemann level 2 certificate children and young people’s workforce book. I will also have to gain a first aid certificate to complete this qualification. Complete level 3 certificate children and young people’s workforce To complete my level 3 certificate I will have had to pass the level 2 qualification. To complete this I will need to use the internet and books for my research. I will again have the support of a tutor to guide me through and would be able to ask work colleagues for help. This may then provide me the opportunity for a promotion at work because as a level 3 I could be a room leader. Foundation degree in early years To be able to study for a foundation degree in early years with The Open University you need to work in a registered early years setting and you must be over the age of 18. You need the agreement and support of your employer before registering. You must also be able to work with groups of 3 or more children on a regular basis. This degree helps build knowledge on children’s development and learning. It also teaches practical skills like planning, assessment and teamwork. To complete this degree I would use the internet for research. I could also use books e.g. Early Years levels 4 & 5 and the foundation degree by Francisca Veale. Progress to a management position in a business To progress to a management position I would need my level 2 and 3 certificates in children and young people’s workforce. It would also be beneficial to have a foundation degree in early years to show that I have a good understanding and knowledge of the early years. I would also need experience in a workplace and to show good teamwork and communication skills.

Nature Strongly Influences Early Human Development. Discuss Essay

Both nature and nurture play an important role in early human development. However, people have always wondered that our gene which we inherited from our parents or environmental factors influenced the most. This has been a mysterious around the globe for centuries. This essay will analyze that nurture is the most important. Nature which is the heredity from our parents plays a huge role in the development. Our personal characteristics were determined by the genetic structure of the fertilized ovum. The decision of our sex, hair color, eyes color comes from the gene which we inherited from our parents. Another example for the affections of gene on the development of human is that, a twin who was separated for almost 35years with different life history still share the same interest and personality when they meet each other. Moreover, because of the genetically programmed maturation , children’s behavior after birth flows the same as the time schedule of their innate ability such as rolling over, sitting without support, standing while holding on to furniture, etc. Although we see that nature influenced human the most, what really influences the development is nurture. For instance, even if all children go through the same sequences of motor behaviors, different children will go through the same stage at different rates. What’s more, the extension of motor behaviors can be hastened by extra stimulation or practice that infants received. As we can see, a child who was given an extra practice of walking everyday began to walk earlier than children who didn’t practice. Also, the development of speech is accelerated if an infant is encouraged and stimulated to speak. According to the belief of John Locke, babies have blank minds after their births. Their minds only improved from what they’ve learned and experienced through their senses. They do not inherit from their parents. Similarly, according to John B. Waston and B. F. Skinner, the nature of human can be adaptable. It doesn’t really depend on the heredity of the child but it does depend on the training that the child has received. He also stated that he can turn any infants to any kind of specialists such as lawyer, doctor, artist, or even thief and beggar regarding to his training but not their race of ancestors, tendencies, talents or abilities. In conclusion, either nature or nurture influenced new born infants in their own ways. It seems they can back up with strong supports. However, nurture influences more than nature because it has a strong power to alter our natural form and can possibly turn us into somewhat different. In my opinion, I also believe that nurture has a strong impact on children’s development because from my personal experience, I have to study in order to get the knowledge and skills and my lifestyle just adapt to the environment around me.

Risk management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk management - Research Paper Example Demand for transparency has increased and expectations are rising for companies to evaluate report and improve their environmental, social, and economic performance. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) does not have intricate definition. According to McWilliams and Siegel (2001) â€Å"actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interest of the firm and that which is required by law† (McWilliams and Siegel, 2001, p. 117). CSR is more than compliance with the law. Frooman (1997) exemplifies CSR as â€Å"An action by a firm, which the firm chooses to take, that substantially affects an identifiable social stakeholder’s welfare† (Frooman, 1997 p.227). In the light of these definitions, CSR can be viewed as a comprehensive set of rules, practices, programs, and policies that are incorporated into supply chain, business operations, and decision-making processes of the company. CSR usually include community investment, business ethics, governance, envi ronmental concerns, human rights, workplace, as well as the market place. When it comes to Business performance, this is an area where companies pay great deal of attention since it provides integral information about the success and position of the company as well as development and future standpoint. All business operations, in one way or other, revolve around the targeted goal of an organization that is contributing to the success of the business. Business performance provides a neutral description of the efficiency and effectiveness of the company’s action. It can be characterized with attributes such as poor or well. Business performance is considered as vital area of interest for the top management of firm. Several elements contribute to the success or failure of the company. CSR is one such variable that contributes to the well-being, reputation, and financial performance of the company. This paper seeks to investigate the impact of CSR practices on firm’s perfo rmance. A critical analysis of prior literature conducted in the same field will be provided in order to evaluate the causal relationship between the two variables. Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Financial Performance Ways in which companies implement practices of corporate social responsibility differs from one another. These differences are based on factors such as respective industry involved, size of company, demands of stakeholders, business culture of the firm, and historical progress of company while dealing with CSR. Numbers of studies have been conducted in order to test the relationship between ethical and social performance of corporation and its impact on financial performance. Erhemjamts, Li, and Venkateswaran, (2012) conducted a study to investigate the determinants of CSR and its implications on the organizational strategy, investment policy, and performance of the business. Erhemjamts, Li, and Venkateswaran, (2012) found that firms having higher R &D intensity, better performance and financial health are more likely to engage in Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) activities, whereas riskers firms are less likely to involve in such activities (Erhemjamts, Li, and Venkateswaran, 2012). Stanwick, and Stanwick, (1998) conducted a study to investigate the relationship between corporate social responsibility of a business with financial perform

Topics in cultural studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Topics in cultural studies - Essay Example Another strong reason of degradation of Latin in the 12th century was associated with the emergence of unitary nations.  The 12th century was the era of national development, the basis of which was laid by the previous evolution of feudalism, especially within its last period, when the distinctions between towns and villages became sharper; there was a rapid growth of crafts, trade; and when migration of people broke the isolated nature of separate feudal states. New national cultures, that required unity and full understanding of all members of new societies, could not just preserve the former language practice with its bilingualism, fragmented local dialects and dead literary language.  In contrast to the linguistic fragmentation of the feudal period, a language unity throughout a nation was required, and that common language could not be dead, it had to be capable of flexible and rapid development (Ruhlen, 1996). Three major problems, related to languages, appeared: 1) creatio n and development of vernacular languages; 2) studying and mastering different languages on an international scale; 3) review of the Ancient linguistic heritage (Greenberg, 1972). At different peoples the process of formation of nations and vernacular languages progressed at different epochs and environments, at different speed and with different results. It depended primarily on the intensity of growth and decay of feudal relations in a country, composition of its population and its geographical range. A significant role in the process belonged to lines of communication and cross-cultural companionship: so, maritime states (Italy, Holland, Spain and later on France and England) entered  the path of transformations first (Baldi, 1983). The first eminent herald of the Latin language downfall in literature was Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), who wrote the book of poems Vita nuova (The New Life,1290), dedicated to beloved Beatrice, in Italian, not Latin, and later defended the use of th e new  national language in the Latin tractate De vulgari eloquentia (On the Eloquence of Vernacular) and Italian II convivio (The Banquet), where he wrote that out of one thousand people who know Latin, only one is wise, others just use their knowledge seeking  money and honors. So, he wrote not in Latin but in Italian, as it was not the language of chosen ones but of the vast majority. According to Dante, the vernacular language was nobler than Latin, as it was natural and Latin - artificial.  The Divine Comedy by Dante, Petrarch’s sonnets and The Decameron by Boccaccio, are a brilliant proof of the convenience and superiority of the new national language (Wendell, 1980). In the new vernacular language the records of the great journeys of Columbus and Vespucci were written.  A philosopher Giordano Bruno and Galileo, a scientist, also switched from Latin to the national language.  Galileo, defending his position, said that he saw no necessity in Latin books and wor ks, as an ordinary person with a good native wit could not read them anyway. He also stated that by no means all technical trade terms could be expressed in Latin; at the same time even the worst artisans and peasants knew that terminology in the national lang

Symbolize and meaning of Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Symbolize and meaning of Play - Essay Example The Christmas tree, Nora’s fancy dress costume and the Tarantella dance are powerful symbols which enhance the meaning of the play. The Christmas tree is a symbol of Nora herself. Nora presents a faà §ade to the world just like the tree is covered with glittering ornaments. She presents herself as a frivolous, carefree woman, whose husband calls his â€Å"little skylark,† â€Å"little squirrel† and â€Å"little song-bird† (Ibsen, I). She sparkles like the tree. However, the ‘unornamented’ Nora is a woman of great strength of character, who controls her husband, struggles with debt and is willing to sacrifice herself for her family. She is like the Christmas tree which she wants hidden and seen only â€Å"when it is dressed† (Ibsen, I). As the tree appears denuded of ornaments at the start of Act II, it represents the Nora who is stripping away the outer decorations of her own personality to assert her true identity. Nora’s fancy dress costume is another graphic symbol in the drama. She puts on the costume of a Neapolitan fisher-girl, made for her by Helmer. Again, the dress demonstrates Nora’s superficial assumption of the role prescribed for her by her husband and society. Nora is the â€Å"doll-wife† (Ibsen, III) who Helmer dresses. She submissively tells him, â€Å"Torvald, couldnt you take me in hand and decide what I shall go as, and what sort of a dress I shall wear?† (Ibsen, I). As Nora sheds her assumed identity and prepares to reveal her true personality, she tells her husband that she is â€Å"Taking off my fancy dress† (Ibsen, III). The torn dress also signifies the breaking-down of their marriage. The Tarantella dance is a very powerful symbol of Nora’s state of mind. Nora is deeply affected by Helmer’s condemnation of all deception as he says, â€Å"such an atmosphere of lies infects and poisons the whole life of a home. Each breath the children take in such a house is full of the germs of evil†

Critically evaluate the use of neurofeedback techniques as a mechanism Essay

Critically evaluate the use of neurofeedback techniques as a mechanism for enhancing human performance - Essay Example The report also differentiates neurofeedback from other therapeutic treatments used in training the human brain to regulate various cortical activities of their bodies (LaVaque, 2003). Finally, the report pinpoints the numerous criticisms that have been levelled against the use of neurofeedback technique and sums it up by a short concluding remark. From the outset, LaVaque (2003) attempted to define Neurofeedback by alluding that it is a form of conditioning technique aimed at bringing gradual change to the human mind. Broadly, the technique has been associated with Biofeedback which on one hand is claimed to be fundamentally concerned with improving the inherent communication between the mind and the body (Linden & Moseley, 2006). This claim is further confirmed by the definition arrived at by three professional Biofeedback organizations sometime in 2008 where they noted: â€Å"Biofeedback is a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance. By use of precise instruments to measure physiological activity such as brainwaves, heart function, breathing, muscle activity, and skin temperature, accurate information is rapidly relayed back to the user for eventual implementation†. ... For the foregoing definitions, it becomes critical to address the pertinent issues associated with Neurofeedback techniques. Background Research has variously identified Neurofeedback as a somewhat complicated form of biofeedback that requires sufferers to learn self-regulating certain aspects of their body activities through conditioning. Such distinct parameters of these body activities have been cited by Bladin (2006) as coherence in their mind processes that can be studied using a painless technique namely electroencephalography (EEG). As noted by Nestoriuc et al (2008), Biofeedback has been used in relieving headaches, asthma and blood pressure as well as optimizing performance in elite athletes for close to forty years. The practice has continued to date where Neurofeedback is actively being applied as a therapeutic tool to treat different types of disorders including but not limited to epilepsy, lack of sleep or reduced alertness in children (Norbert, 2007). Further observatio ns by Mark & Barlow (2009) indicate that the advancement in IT has enabled partially incapacitated patients to converse and even show some signs of mobility. Additionally, application of technological prowess has greatly seen Neurofeedback allowing otherwise incapacitated patients learn to normalize physiological processes such as muscle co-ordination, respiration, and blood pressure. This breakthrough is further evidenced by the development of â€Å"Inner Act’s platform for Biofeedback† which is lauded by Cannon et al (2008) as the mostly utilized platform for elite athletes. It is therefore in the interest of this report to mention that most recent researches have focused on the possibility of using healthy individuals as control subjects to prove the efficacy of

Self-Expression Project (VOICE) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self-Expression Project (VOICE) - Essay Example Many scholars argue that the easiest way to solve a conflict is to understand what kind of conflict the organization is being faced with and to understand the motivations behind those conflicts (Jack, LaFrance, & Ginter, 2003). Once this has been established, it is easy to prescribe s a solution for the problem by addressing the root cause of that problem. In today’s world, there are a lot of innovative ways in which conflicts could be solved but the choosing of the most appropriate method is the prerogative of the concerned organization y examining the issues at hand and identifying the most effective way to deal with the situation. Creative solutions are usually the nest in solving conflicts although many are not used because of a lack of precedence (Keyton, 2011). The problem in this situation therefore is persistent conflicts between the employees and the management from tasks and processes. The employees argue that the organization does not understand their needs while th e organization claims that the employees do not understand its policies and processes. This has created conflicts in the organization leading to increased employee turnover and absenteeism. The creative idea leading to the innovation Research has shown that it is only through critical thinking and careful analysis of a situation that individuals will be able to bring a situation into perspective and thus find a solution for it. It is not possible to craft a solution to a problem without a careful analysis of the problem in order to understand the root cause of the issue (Miner, 2007). However, when such issues arise, there are always creative ways to solve them and this can only be achieved through brainstorming and coming up with an idea that will help in solving the problem (Mullins, 2005). Much of what people think of are as a result of their interpretation of the issue and thus may think that contemporary approaches to solving the problem would easily work without hitches. In th is situation, the idea therefore is to enable the management and the employee to reach a consensus and avoid the constant wrangles that exist between the management and the employees. The idea is to make them meet and discuss what is going on in the organization and how they can contribute to alleviating or solving the conflicts that have engulfed them. Therefore, the reasoning here is that when these two groups sit together in a free environment they will be in a better position to air out their views freely and each one of them will contribute to the problem and explain what each party is doing and what they think is aggrieving the other party so that they can come up with solutions on how to solve future problems. Once the people have met, a conducive environment is created, on which is free from retribution and one that supports free expression of ideas from all the parties concerned. The idea is that each party will listen to the other and be able to understand where the proble m is coming from and how they can help one another in sorting out the problem. It is widely accepted that lack of effective communication is what leads to conflicts (West, 2004). This innovative idea is thus meant to bring the conflicting sides together to a table, on a weekly basis, with the management and the employees being there to talk about any issue they feel is affecting them. Expected value of the innovation

Literature review Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Literature review - Dissertation Example Youth gangs is not a new phenomenon in the society as it dates back in 17th century where they were characterized with wearing of distinct colors for their identification and arose mainly from social and economic vacuum in their neighborhoods and their contemporary societies (Wiener 2005). The distinguished emerging larger gangs do have a powerful and resourceful organization, access to powerful and dangerous weapons, and resourceful media which they use to recruit young children into these gangs (Jankowski 2003). Based on this, it can be argued that youth gangs are considered a threat to the peaceful coexistence in the society at large. The origin of youth gangs is greatly attributed to the economically and socially disadvantaged background (Howell 2005). These youth gangs in most societies and neighborhoods are perceived by its members to fill several needs that range from psychological and physical needs to economic and social needs (Howell 2005). Based on these researches, it is notable that these underlying needs are associated with the failure of the family to fill the arising gaps from this. Gangs notable intents is focused on provision of friendship, sense of identity, searching for wealth and finally for the purpose of security (Hastings, Dunbar, & Bania 2011). Nature and organization of youth gangs Youth join gangs mainly due to increasing trusting relationship within the gang family (Brantingham 2006). This is attributed to negligence as well as incompetence on the parents, clergy and teachers in performing their traditional roles of counseling and guiding the youth in the society. In the examination of youth gangs in general, it is notable that gang members have developed trusting solid relationships with their mentors who is considered the gang leader (Brantingham 2006). This relationship of the mentor and the mentee comes along with patience and the willingness and commitment of the mentor in pursuing of a strong relationship (Campbell 2011). It c an be argued that the concept of being real comes in place which is a key attribute of any youth gang leader (Wanberg 2004). This involves the gang leader relating genuine concerns on behalf of the gang members. Therefore the mentor needs not to condemn the mentee for their actions or their immorality but the real attribute ensures that the gang leader listens, understands and help the group members (Campbell 2011). In regard to communication approach, the youth gang leader ensures that it is effective and this can be perceived that this consolidates the youth gang productive relationship and trust (Wanberg 2004). Based on this study, it can be ascribed that it is effective youth gangs have intensive and extensive knowledge and understanding in regard to the gang social norms and rules (Campbell 2011). Categories of Youth Gangs There are three main categories of youth gangs. The first category of youth gangs are corporate gangs in which its main focus is making money and thus consid ered profit making (Sanchez-Jankowski 2003). These categories are considered to be organized attributed by its clearly defined division of labor, high level of gang coordination and a well-entrenched hierarchy. This gang leadership structure has limited its exposure to the criminal and law enforcers thus members of the gang tend not to easily quit the gang (Sanchez-Jankowski 2003). Based on this study, it is evident that this kind of the gang is highly mobile and

The ideas of marriage and roles of women Essay Example for Free

The ideas of marriage and roles of women Essay The ideas of marriage and roles of women are very dosely linked. Compare the portrayal of marriage and representation of women in the three texts studied. I am going to discuss, in this essay, the ideas of marriage and the roles of women at the times the three texts were set in, I shall also talk about how these marriages and roles are similar in the texts. To compare the portrayal of marriage and representation of women the three texts that were studied Stench of Kerosene, which was a short story written by Amrita Pritam. Stench of Kerosene was about a young Sikh married woman, called Guleri, who could not bear children and how society viewed and dealt with her due to this. It is a story of how she is seen as an outcast to the family so much so that the mother then brings a new wife into the household; to try to replace the old one; this then leads Guleri to suicide. The other texts studied were a short story in epistolary form called The Three Sisters and a novel called Pride and Prejudice. These two stories were both written by Jane Austen and both have very similar storylines. The Three Sisters is about a girl called Mary who receives a proposal from a very wealthy man, Mr Watts. Mary however finds Mr Watts to be extremely disagreeable and does not know whether to marry him or not. Similarly Pride and Prejudice is about a mother, Mrs Bennet, and her struggles of getting her children married to wealthy men. They both show societys views of women and how women themselves view marriage and their roles. All three texts show a good indication of how society portrayed women at that time. Stench of Kerosene was written in 1927 and was set in a small rural village in Punjab. It was originally written in Punjabi but was only translated in the 1960s. This story was more tragic that the other two stories as one of the main characters, Guleri, commit suicide. The way that Guleri kills herself is very tragic and shocking, as she seemed like a very happy and loved character. She kills herself by soaking herself in kerosene and setting herself alit. The reason behind Pritam putting this in is because she wanted to change how society viewed and treated women. In the story the society Guleri lived in and their expectations of her were strongly to blame for the outcome of the story. In the Sikh religion both men and women are seen as equal in the religious scriptures. However although Sikh women have right within the scriptures many of the scriptures are up to individual interpretation. Most men see the women are their possessions and therefore many men see it acceptable to have more than one wife, as Manaks mother did, regardless of what their present wife may think. There are many reasons to why men may take a second wife, the most common among the Sikh community at that time was because having more than one wife would increase the wealth of a man due to the brides family giving the husband a gift when the marriage was secure. This was known as a dowry. Men also married a second wife to produce an heir if their first wife was unable as it was the case in Stench of Kerosene. The story hints that the main reason behind Guleri committing suicide and the mother wanting Manak to have a second wife was that Guleri could not have children. Manaks mother role in society then was to bring up her children well and then to find a good daughter in law who could have children and carry on the family name. She was very narrow-minded and did what society expected of her. She felt that her decision for bringing a new wife into the family was justified, as that was what society expected her to do. She had fulfilled her role and the expectation that society had put upon her and now she wanted a daughter in law who would do the same. The mother was brought up and guided by the expectations of society and she felt that if she had gone against what society had expected of her then she would have ultimately become an outcast as society would have seen it as her not fulfilling her role as a mother. Guleri on the other hand, did not see it as Manaks mother fulfilling her role, but saw her interference as a punishment for not being able to fulfil expectations put on her by society. In the Sikh religion babies are of great importance and their birth is rejoiced by the family. The birth of a baby is seen as strengthening the stability of the marriage and ensuring the continuance of the family line. If a woman in the Sikh religion is unable to have children then she is unable to inherit land or money from her husband when he dies. They are seen as outcasts as they are not able to produce an heir. This meant that bearing children was an essential role of a Sikh woman and Guleri was unable to fulfil the role she was expected to and as a result Guleri was made to feel like a complete outcast by society. A wife in the Sikh religion has two main roles they are to have children and to look after her family. Guleri could not fulfil all of her duties and was disregarded and seen as an outcast by her family and society, she was seen as damaged. The new wife probably made Guleri feel as though she was damaged goods and so she was replaced by a new and working model. When Guleri heard of the second wife she felt let down by her husband and like he had abandoned her because she could not have a child. She felt as though she was indebted to suffer for her inadequacies. She felt lonely and unloved as if she was impure and saw the only way out as death. The symbolism behind Guleris death highlights the violence of it compared to the Sikh idea of death as being like sleep. The way that Guleri chose to kill herself created a dramatic and shocking effect and was seen as primal and more painful. It symbolised how much pain emotionally that Guleri was in. When Manak heard what had happened to Guleri he was mute with pain. Manak could be seen as a coward and a fool for not being stronger and for not standing up to his mother when she told him about getting a new wife, but it can be seen as not all being Manaks fault as he was brought up traditionally. He new his role as a man and a husband that was to be a loyal husband and to find a wife who would produce an heir to the family. He was taught to respect and obey his parents. Manak wanted to retort, you are a woman; why dont you cry like one for a change! But he remained silent. However if Manak had gone against what his mother wanted then he too would have become an outcast to society for going against his elders and not fulfilling his role as a man. The new wife however was probably made to feel like an outcast by Manak, as he knew that no one could ever replace Guleri. But by his mother the new wife fit in with the family, as she got pregnant quickly. The mother said at one point that she had spent five hundred rupees on the new wife, and this was probably a lot of money in those days, which suggests that some women married for money. This is similar in Pride and Prejudice as charlotte Lucas married Mr Collins because of his money. And also in The Three Sisters, Mary chooses to marry Mr Watts because he is a very wealthy man. This shows that the societies these stories are in are completely materialistic. Prtiam shows that the roles of women are completely dominated by men and society. It would be correct to say that if societys beliefs had not been so enforced upon women then Manak and Guleris marriage would have survived. I believe this as Sikh women have only three main concerns in life and they are to get married and have children, to look their families well and to get their children married off to good and wealthy families. This circle would therefore be enforced on many more generations to come and the main reason being is to have children. Stench of Kerosene had political reasons for it being published. Pritam saw that society needed to be changed and this story showed why and how women felt about was a stereotypical role of a Sikh woman was. The tone in which Pritam wrote this story was very serious and is not humorous at all, unlike Pride and Prejudice. She made it a serious story as Pritam felt very strongly about how women were portrayed and how they were rejected by society if they were unable to perform the roles that were expected of them. She wrote the story as a narrative and because of this we can see how Pritam feels about certain the roles of women. She uses objects to symbolise the characters emotions. She used the flute to tell us how Manak felt about Guleri leaving. Then putting the flute to his lips, blew a strange anguished wail. He expresses how he feels through the way he plays his flute, as he is unable to say it in words. Pritam gives us a more visual and better understanding of the point that she wants to put across, by using emotive language, for example: Manak, mute with pain, could only stare and feel his own life burning out. It gives us a more realistic feeling of the story and allows us to see just how devastated Manak is. We can tell that he is completely destroyed and will never get over what Guleri did. This is put across more clearly at the end when Manaks child is born and when he holds him for the first time, he is not the happy and joyous father that one would expect but instead he, he shrieked hysterically, Take him away! He stinks of kerosene. His reaction to his new child seems as though he feel guilty and somewhat responsible about what happened to Guleri. We can tell that what to Guleri did not only affect Manak but also the whole family, as the new wife will never be loved by Manak and nor will the new child as he will always be a constant reminder to Manak of something that he could never have with Guleri and the reason for her death. He will also always be very resentful towards his mother as she took away the one person he loved in the whole world with no thought to the consequences, and most of all Manak will probably never be able to forgive himself. There was a lot of pressure on women in those days to have children if they did not have children the women would be rejected by society and most just wanted to fit in. If Guleri had tolerated Manak having a second wife and gone back to live with the family despite this she would probably have been rejected. The Three Sisters was not published until quite awhile after it was written, in 1792. This story was set in London. The Three Sisters show that marriage was one of the only concerns of women in the 18th and 19th centuries. In Jane Austens time marriage was more or less then only way out of the parental house. There was no real way for women to be on their own or to have independence in those days. There were no professional jobs open to women and the few that there were, such as being a governess, were not very highly regarded, and either did not pay well or had very poor working conditions. Pride and Prejudice and the Three Sisters show this well as both Mrs Bennet, the mother in Pride and Prejudice, and Mrs Stanhope, the mother in The Three Sisters, main concern was to get all their children married. how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them. For I am determined not to let such an opportunity escape of settling one of my Daughters do advantageously. In The Three Sisters the arrangement of marriage is portrayed like prostitution, in that the way Mrs Stanhope is haggling over the price for Mary, and tries to get as much pin money for Mary from Mr Watts as she can. Remember the pin money: two hundred a year. A hundred and seventy five madam. Two hundred indeed, Sir. Said my mother. Mrs Stanhope also seems as though she is pimping her other daughter in case Mr Watt does not like or want Mary. In The Three Sisters the only factor Mrs Stanhope takes into account and uses to form her opinion of Mr Watts is how wealthy he is. In this way Mrs Stanhope and Mrs Bennet are very similar as she too forms an opinion by how wealthy a man is. A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls! She is determined to have Mr Watts as part of her family as he was a good man to know. In Mrs Stanhopes opinion the reason that Mr Watts wanted to marry Mary was because he wishes to be allied to the family and the way for a man to become allied with a family was to marry one of the daughters. This applied very much in Mr Watts case he did not care which daughter he married. Mrs Stanhope also wanted to be allied to Mr Watts as he had a higher status in society than she did and if one of her daughters married him then their familys status would also go higher. This is a similar situation to Pride and Prejudice as Mrs Bennet wanted Mr Collins to be allied with the family as he was quite a wealthy man and when Mr Collins proposed to Elizabeth Mrs Bennet put a lot of pressure on her to say yes by telling Elizabeth: Yes, or I will never see her again. Mrs Stanhopes main role as a mother and in story was to have children, make sure they are taken care of well, look after their husbands and run the home. Mrs Stanhope has a lot of power in this story as she is the one who decides which daughter shall get married and to whom. She could force one of her daughters to get married and they could not say no as it would be disrespectful to their mother. She exercises her power over her daughters when Mary is still trying to make up her mind over marry Mr Watts, by telling Mary that if she does not marry Mr Watts then Georgiana must. Mary is shown as I very materialistic and indecisive young girl. She marries Mr Watts because he is a very wealthy man. In letter one Mary tells us that she says Mr Watts is: He is extremely disagreeable and I hate him more than any body else in the world. Mary chooses to marry Mr Watts as sees it as a way of getting a higher status in society than the rest of her family. Which shows that she is similar to Lydia in Pride and Prejudice, as it seems as though she only married Mr Wickham to get a higher status than her family. Mrs Stanhope could easily push Mary into marring Mr Watts as Mary had made it very clear that she had wanted to get married before any of her sisters. I could not bear to have either of them married before me. Marys main role in society is to look after her husband and to have children to carry on the family. This is very similar to the society and the expectation of women in Stench of Kerosene. It is very clear that Mary has a one-track mind in that she is very unidealistic and feels as though Mr Watts should be grateful that she has accepted his proposal. She does not believe in marrying for love and thinks that if one of the couple loves the other then there is no need for the other to love them back. when there is so much love on one side, there is no occasion for it on the other. The Three Sisters is serious, formal and shows a harsher portrayal of women. However it is quite humorous in places compared to Stench of Kerosene. It was written when Austen was only a teenager when she wrote it and she was probably entering the marriage market herself. The characters in the story were probably someone that Austen could relate to as she herself was a teenager and was having similar problems as her characters were. Austen could relate to her characters and she often hid her views and thoughts behind her characters humour and fictional style writing. The story was quite controversial as it told us what women were like and how they really felt about issues then, but society was not interested about these things. Society looked down on anyone that was seen to speak up for women and were thought of and seen as abnormal, and their name and reputation was often destroyed. Austen wrote the story in a letter form as it allows us to see the reaction of characters better as it is they who are describing how they feel and what they think. It also allows us to get to know the characters better however not as well as in Pride and Prejudice. The main difference between these two stories is that Pride and Prejudice focuss more the reasons for getting married and the consequences of actions that women took. `Pride and Prejudice was written in 1813 and was set in Longbourne in Hertfordshire. Mrs Bennet is a stereotypical middle class woman in those days. She is materialistic, over dramatic and a gossip. These characteristics are portrayed in an exaggerated way. When we first meet Mrs Bennet we can see that she is a gossip. My dear, you must know, Mrs long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from north of England; Mrs Bennet appears to be a similar character to Mrs Stanhope, all she wants is for all her daughters to be married and taken care of. Her main role is to take care of her family and make she that her children get married. In Pride and Prejudice the men hold most of the power and this is shown many occasions in the Bennet household by Mr Bennet. An unhappy alterative is before you, Elizabeth. From this you must be a stranger to one of your parents. Your mother will never see you again if you do not marry Mr Collins, and I will never see you again if you do. It is clear that Mr Bennet did not marry Mrs Bennet for love. We can assume that Mr Bennet probably only proposed to Mrs Bennet because as a young lady she was very pretty and that he probably never knew what she was like. He puts up with by not taking her seriously. Because of the way that Mr Bennet treats his wife their children have grown up not taking their mother seriously and not having much respect for her. This shows most of all in Elizabeth by the way she acts around her mother. Elizabeth is strong minded and a very opinionative young lady. She is also her fathers favourite daughter and often gives him advice, which he rarely takes. Elizabeth does not believe in getting married for love and does not think she would get married. Lydia on the other hand was exactly like her mother. She was emotional, immature, she does not think but acts on impulses, which nearly brings her to ruins. Lydia would cross all the boundaries and broke all the codes that society had set for women, this was shown when Lydia runs off with Mr Wickham and she does not think of the affect it would have on her family or the distress it may cause them. As it was not expectable behaviour to run off and elope. Society looked down on it and it suggested that she had bad upbringing as she was disrespecting her parents by eloping. However in those days it was very important for a woman to get married, as that is what society expected of them. Unmarried women were a great burden to their families as they would have to live with their families or with family approved protectors, as it was unheard of for an unmarried woman to live by herself. Jane Austen, herself was a dependant as she was unmarried and was forced to live with relatives. Mary in Pride and Prejudice knew she would not get married as she was not as pretty as her other sisters so she concentrated on music and learning. Marriage to women then was not all about getting away from their parents but was one of the only ways in which women could gain financial security. By marring, women were entitled to an allotment of money each year, called pin money. This money was to be spent as she wished but not for household necessities. However an unmarried woman would and could only inherit money form her family if she had no brothers as they lived on a patriarchy society, in which men hold the power and women were largely excluded from. In Pride and Prejudice and The Three Sisters, they both seem to be set in a patriarchy society as the men hold the power in both the stories. However in Stench of Kerosene the mother holds the most power in the story, which is unusual. The women that Austen wrote about were showed as foolish, materialistic, gossips and were only concerned about how other familys saw them and who the would get married to. These characteristics are different to the way that Pritam portrays women in her story she shows them as innocent, loving, obedient, and respectful to their family and husband, as Guleri shows when she fell in love with Manak. If you want me go and ask my father for my hand. Pride and Prejudice was more humorous than The Three Sisters was, it took a more satirical approach rather than political one to get its points across. Austen blamed the traditions of society through the humour of her characters. All three stories allow us to see that the roles of women have been the same over the centuries and that they are not changing very much in a hurry. They allow us to that men have always held a very powerful role in the home and the way in which a woman is brought is depending on how society expects them to act. Society have always judged women and enforced their rules and boundaries upon them. If those rules are broken they are looked down upon and would be ultimately be outcast them.

Black Women Writers Essay Example for Free

Black Women Writers Essay Early significant analyses of Maud Martha, Gwendolyn Brookss only novel moreover release it as an ineffective fiction and/or viewed it as a mere expansion of Brookss poetic poetry. Those untimely reviewers, often in evaluations of less than a solitary page, lauded the novels quiet charm and sparkling delicacy of tone (Winslow 16) but didnt comment the irritation and nervousness below the description surface. Latest criticism has centered on the undercurrents of fury and revolution of the character, Maud Martha Brown. This fury boils underneath the exterior of the novels 34 vignettes of the apparently ordinary, daily life occurrences of a black woman living in the south side of Chicago in the 1940s. The shift in serious viewpoint of the novel, then, is noticeably dissimilar across cohorts. As Mary Helen Washington declares in Taming All that Anger Down: Rage and Silence in Gwendolyn Brookss Maud Martha: In 1953 no one seemed prepared to call Maud Martha a novel about bitterness, rage, self-hatred and the silence that results from suppressed anger. No one recognized it as a novel dealing with the very sexism and racism that these reviews enshrined. What the reviewers saw as exquisite lyricism was actually the truncated stuttering of a woman whose rage makes her literally unable to speak (453). Washingtons divided commentary is one of the first to recognize the protagonists irritation and inner rebellion as Brooks interlace them into the tapestry of the novel; Washington distinguish a regular outline of concealed fury and anger during the work. Further grinding the center on one meticulous description conflict in Maud Martha, Harry B. Shaw discovers the title characters War with Beauty, as he subtitles a milestone essay, depicting the dark-skinned black woman character brawl against Eurocentric paradigms of substantial appearance. Shaws article describes the property of this partial, color-conscious scheme on Maud’s mind, and accentuates its role in spawning internal encounter with self-hatred and self-doubt (255-56). While I concur with Washingtons and Shaws arguments regarding the psychological battles faced by Brookss protagonist, I also find that the conflict and confusion that recapitulate Maud Marthas life unite into a whole imitation of conjugal epic warfare. This conjugal epic warfare expands past Shaws war on beauty and integrates all areas of domestic and ancestral ties. Familial conflict exactly describes Maud Marthas resistance to acquire and preserve her home and relations with family members as she struggles to keep a sense of individuality within this detain structure. Maud Martha detains the conservative literary epics spirit of clash by summarizing the figurative symbol of conjugal conflict as female ambitious with Maud Martha as the hero of her homeland. Like with customary epic, Maud Martha emblematizes the cultural paradigms of a decisive moment in history, enlightening the struggles of post-World War II America to reunite the roles of women, in particular African American women, in the public and private area. Through the course of the novel, Maud Martha fights a war against sexism, classism, and racism to create her identity. Winning this war is of supreme significance and of heroic dimensions at bet for Maud Martha, as delegate woman, is home and family, as well as independence, originality, and self-expression. Mainly during the early 1950s, the time in which Maud Martha was printed and set, the familial realm was one of worry and fluctuation as women toil to balance their roles as wives, mothers, and artists. With World Wars I and II only lately past, and the Korean and Vietnam clash on the horizon, (white) women workers found their roles in culture changing. They had pierced the US workforce during the wartime era, providing the nation with a much-needed font of labor. Yet after the war, the arrival of their male complement forced working (white) womens return to the residence and to family duties. To battle and frustrate these writing of domesticity, in Maud Martha Brooks sum up a clearly female pattern of symbolic warfare that undermine patriarchal and communal structures, and declare the dominance of new visions of female enlargement and original appearance. To build her epic of family warfare, Brooks utilize such description strategies as prearranged meanings within names, change in narrative voice, and conflations of birth and death descriptions; thus, she threaten and redefines customary description of domesticity, of matrimony, and of maternity. For Brooks these organization twist to sites of group and responsibility for women. She confuse the empire of the domestic beyond a sphere of binary and competing gender functions to critique the roles of men and women in producing and preserve the social arrangement that bound female expansion and to assess how race, class, and gender notify the relation viewpoint of the heroine. Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience Jill Nelson offered the most piercing critique yet on racism at The Washington Post. Nelson, an African-American journalist who was employed at the paper for four years, pleasures the reader with a memoir thats raw, sharp and amusing; she gladly picks at the scabs of race and sex and class that most writers favor to leave unhurt. For Nelson, repayment is hell, and she pays back with retaliation, settling some malicious scores with the firm organ that seduced her from freelance writing in New York and then deserted her in the back-stabbing nations capital. Nelson gets her defeat in good. Ben Bradlee turns out to be a small, gray, crumpled gnome. Bradlee sheers such inspirational lines as I want the fashions [section] to be exciting, new, to portray women who dress with style, like my wife. Publisher Don Graham is a rich kid waiting for his mother to let go of the reins. Other Posties are uncharitably described as weasel-like and mottled, plump, sour-lipped. But ultimately, is a touching tale of being a black woman in a white and male corporate world voluntary slavery, she calls it. I envy the egotism, she writes of the Post, their intrinsic belief in the value of whatever theyre doing, the complacency that comes from years of simply being Caucasian and, for the really lucky, having a penis. A core sister who revels in the racy, Nelson explains utilize like having sex with a mortician on his preserve table and the joys of male. Nelsons attitude about the opposite sex is a simple one: One thing I love about men and pussy is that is makes them so predictable. Still, its race, not sex, which fuels all through it all. Nelson is evermore in search of her own authentic Negro experience, forever at war between her own arrogance in being black and her self-criticism for not being black enough. She writes touchingly of her own exacting family pathos a brother on crack, a sister eternally immobilized by a drug overdose and resist with her own guilt at being a part of the black bourgeoisie. But Nelsons dispute falls short when it comes to clearing up the steamy issue of race at the Washington Post. But Nelsons spotlight on Barry-bashing at the Post pleads the question: If the paper was so bigoted, why did it go trouble-free on Barry for so long? Nelson doesnt actually try to answer this question; in its place, much of what she writes is an explanation for the coke-tooting mayor. Nelson declares Barry was only supposedly smoking crack on the well-known FBI videotape; that a female who bear witnessed that Barry enforced her to have sex had it coming; that the Post was part of a de facto plot on the part of the U. S. Attorney to get Marion Barry. But she does reluctantly recognize this: Overweight, greasy, usually dripping with sweat, Barry speaks English like its his second language. Bambaras feisty girls: resistance narratives in Gorilla, My Love Toni Cade Bambara When Thunder buns, the huge and awful matron, charges the passageway of the movie theater in Toni Cade Bambaras story Gorilla, My Love, the kids finally shut up and watch the simple ass picture (Gorilla 15). She is the decorated matron, the one the organization lets out in case of emergency, when potato chip bags start igniting and the kids are turning the place out. Thunder buns are the shape of co-opted black power. As such, she set as the dead reverse of Bambaras spirited, aggressive, no-nonsense young female conversationalist/protagonist of the story, who is variously named, depending on the occasion, Scout, Badbird, Miss Muffin, Hazel (her real name), Precious, and Peaches. Thunder buns, as her friends call her, emerges in the inset story Hazel tells in Gorilla, My Love to exemplify how adults deceive children. Thunder buns are not truly the agent of disloyalty here, but rather the enforcer of ethnically charged commercial treachery. Hazel and her brothers, Big Brood and Baby Jason, have rewarded their money to see a film called Gorilla, My Love, only to be shown a tattered old brown print of a Jesus movie: And I am ready to kill, not because I got anything against Jesus. Just that when you fixed to watch a gorilla picture you dont want to get messed around with Sunday School stuff Hazel is briefly silenced by the weight of Thunderbunss consequential power, But not for long. With warrior like power her brothers rejecting the callshe rushes into the managers office and ask for her money back. She sees his pasty-complexioned condescension. And, in comic foray, she informs us, her reader/intimates, that he is wrong about her authority and ability. She has the full determine of her families ethnically conversant, equally forced, disobedient self-possession behind her. Even as her mother will threaten the teachers at P. S. 186 who dare to start playing the dozens behind colored folks, Hazel will carry on her threats. When the money is not reimbursed, she starts a fire below the candy counter that close up the theater down for a week: I mean even gangsters in the movies say my word is my bond. So dont anybody get away with nothing far as Im concerned. The story Gorilla, My Love first emerged in Redbook Magazine in November, 1971, a year after the periodical of Bambaras path breaking, cherished, and inflammable black feminist anthology The Black Woman. The story itself has a descent, however, dating back to 1959, when Bambaras first child-narrated short story, Sweet Home, appeared in Vendome magazine. When Bambara was interviewed by Beverly Guy-Sheftall in the mid-seventies, (1) she comment on the prospects for her changeable and authorize girl narrators, whose stories had been emerging all through the sixties and were lastly gathered up on the wings of the success of The Black Woman and published in a collection entitled Gorilla, My Love in 1972: There are certain kinds of feelings that people are very thankful of, people who are tough, but very sympathetic. You put me in any neighborhood, in any city, and I will tend to descend toward that type. The kid in Gorilla (the story as well as that collection) is a kind of person who will stay alive, and shes successful in her survival. (233) All but four of the fifteen stories in Gorilla, My Love are enclosed by the realization of a child or teenage character; of those, ten are voiced in the first person (2)with the singular I drawing its energy and power from an implied we of community. When Hazel storms into the managers office, then, she is traveling on the strength of more than a decade of such acts of defiant resistance by Bambaras feisty girls. Bambara calls her the kidof the story and the whole collection. But in fact there is no particular narrative â€Å"kid† in any dull sense unites the whole collection. Some of the I voices are youngsters; others quite young children, including Hazel herself from the title-storywho is proud to be the guide of her grandfathers car on the way back from a pecan-gathering journey. But, as she admits, she actually likes the front seat because the pecans variables in the back are scary: There might be a rat prowling somewhere. And she admits to us that she still sleeps with the lights on and blames it on Baby Jason. Still, she is one of the most tough-talking and self-possessed young female voices in American literature. And she shares individuality with the other girl-children in Bambaras stories of that decade for the laser-like intensity of her ethical cleverness and her ability to distinguish the convolutions of adult hypocrisy. Bambara wrote in a personal narrative entitled Salvation Is the Issue in 1984: What informs my work as I read itand this is the answer to the regularly lift question about how come my children stories administer to escape being unbearably shy, delightful and sentimentalare the basic givens. One, we are at war. Two, the normal reply to domination, lack of knowledge, wickedness and bewilderment is wide-awake confrontation. Three, the natural reply to pressure and disaster is not collapse and surrender, but alteration and regeneration. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢ Maud Martha by Gwendolyn Brooks. Retrieved on December 25. From http://www. amazon. com/Maud-Martha-Gwendolyn-Brooks/dp/0883780615 †¢ Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience by Jill Nelson. Retrieved on December 25. From http://www. amazon. com/Volunteer-Slavery-Authentic-Negro-Experience/dp/014023716X †¢ Gorilla, My Love by Toni Cade Bambara. Retrieved on December 25. From http://www. amazon. com/Gorilla-My-Love-Vintage/dp/0679738983 †¢ African American Literature. Retrieved on December 25. From

Anti-Corrosion in Marine Surface Engineering

Anti-Corrosion in Marine Surface Engineering Surface Engineering: Coatings and Thin Films Technologies INTRODUCTION Surface building alludes to an extensive variety of advancements that plan to outline and change the surface properties of parts. There are two fundamental classes of surface designing techniques that can be utilized to advance the surface properties and the mass materials. These are surface coatings and surface Modifications. Other process include Surface shape design. Surface covering forms include protecting a layer of liquid, semi-liquid or substance material onto a substrate. One of the fundamental elements of surface covering is to change and fortify the surface capacities as opposed to improving the arrangement of the mass material. A few cases of surface covering forms incorporate Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD), Concoction Vapour Deposition (CVD), plasma and warm splashing, sol-gel, cladding and electroplating. Surface modifications procedures can be named solidifying by fire, acceptance, laser or electron bar, high vitality medications, e.g. particle implantation; and dispersion medicines, e.g. carburizing and Nitriding. Surface adjustment procedures are relevant to control rubbing, enhance surface wear and consumption resistance, and change the physical or mechanical properties of the part. Surface alteration medications additionally can be consolidated with surface covering forms, for example laser cladding. This blend improves the bene fits of surface coatings and surface adjustment, consequently accomplishing particular prerequisites and wellness for reason. Surface medicines that cause microstructure changes in the bulk material incorporate warming and cooling/extinguishing through acceptance, fire, laser, and electron bar strategies, or mechanical medications (one illustration is icy working). Surface medicines that modify the science of a surface incorporate carburizing, Nitriding, Carbo-Nitriding, Nitro carburizing, boriding, siliconizing, chromizing and aluminizing Hard facing is another type of surface treatment, where the mass material surface is given a defensive layer of another material having more predominant properties than those of the mass material. An example of this is covering a turbine pump seal joint with a destructive resistive material, to keep salty water from disintegrating the pump. Each strategy for hard confronting, cases of which are covering affidavit, cladding or welding, causes specific physical and concoction impacts on the mass material, some advantageous, some adverse. For instance focuses on which may exist in the defensive material can make issues, however watchful checking and research may restrain these impacts, to ideally create quality, serviceable building parts. The accompanying areas will portray the idea of surface building and the impacts designing situations have on these surfaces. Hard confronting procedures are portrayed in details particularly as to covering statement advances, with specific accentuati on on warm splash strategies, including the HVOF (High Velocity Oxy-Fuel) prepare that utilized as a part of the ebb and flow inquire about. 1.1 Surface Engineering At the point when two surfaces come into contact and relative movement is created, the contact stresses increased because of the generally little rate of load-supporting region. This will result in grating and wear, and potentially even prompt to disappointment. In the high anxiety utilizations of a present day motor or gearbox, there are zones where the weight of metal moving against metal powers away all the greasing up oil and permits warmth to develop. In the instance of extraordinary weight and contact, this warmth is sufficient to momentarily weld the two sections together just before they are broken separated by their development. This consistent weld and break handle which can happen at the nuclear scale bring about drag and wear, which are damaging. On the off chances that the riggings are the parts of a shuttle, and if the single part comes up short, the whole multi-million dollar shuttle would fizzle. So designed surfaces to battle grating and diminish wear is exceedingly alluring. Many materials have been developed to have specific bulk properties, although they have not been particularly optimized for the surface properties. Surface engineering can solve these problems by: Implanting alloying atoms to different depths, thereby improving toughness and fatigue properties; (surface modification) Depositing surface layers, thick or thin, including lubricants; (surface coating) Redesigning the surface shape of the component to distribute stresses. 1.2 Friction, Corrosion, wear Surface engineering techniques solve friction, corrosion, and wear problems. Friction, corrosion and wear are the most common factors that cause engineering failures. In industrialized countries, 7% of GNP represents the cost of friction, wear and corrosion, with the possibility of 1% of this figure being reduced through the use of efficient tribological systems. On a worldwide level, 34% of all lubricants produced are consumed in Europe, with 50% of this being recycled, with a further 2.5 million tonnes being lost in the environment. Corrosion is mainly an electrochemical phenomenon which occurs when metals react with materials in their environment. 1.3 Basic types of Corrosion and wear Fig. 1: Type of corrosion and wear Wear is the dynamic loss of material from a surface. Among the distinctive sorts of wear, rough wear and glue wear ordinarily happen more frequently than others. Grating wear is because of hard particles or hard bulges constrained against and moving along a strong surface. Cement wear is created by restricted holding between reaching strong surfaces prompting to material exchange between the two surfaces or the misfortune from either surface. Cement wear is a run of the mill case of how a delicate material can wear out a harder on. 1.4 Surface Engineering in Marine applications Methods of corrosion protection are based on the theory of corrosion processes. Alterations of the material properties and external environmental characteristics are the factors which can affect the slowing down or stopping of the corrosion process. Corrosion protection in the shipbuilding industry is an important technological process devised to protect the ship from corrosion effects. Even the storage area of plates, profiles and flats in a shipyard exposed to severe environmental conditions. Protection Coating in shipbuilding constitutes of following steps: Preparation of surface Temporary protection workshop Terms of coating Methods of Applying coating 1.5 Preparation of Surface Surface arrangement is a requesting innovative operation in the advancement of the ships body from essential surface readiness of plates, profiles, and pads performed in the programmed establishment .It likewise incorporates a fundamental workshop technique called covering. Shop groundwork in the film thickness 15-25 ÃŽÂ ¼m is utilized for the assurance of steel during the time spent ship development. In any case, compulsory control of the thickness of the coatings for more prominent thickness may unfavourably influence the cutting pace and nature of steel, and in addition the event of mistakes in welding. Optional surface planning is done in the corridors for sand impacting and painting, whereby soil and salt ought to be expelled from the surface of the area, rendering it and sandblasting as per standard ISO 8501-1. This innovative operation infers additional work in welding and crushing and speaks to the pre-gathering attachments. 1.5.1 Temporary protection of surface The principal phase of consumption assurance in the shipbuilding business comprises of the workshop covering (shop groundwork) on the plating profile and pads in a thin film, about of 15 to 25ÃŽÂ ¼m thick, as intemperate film thickness may adversely influence the nature of welding (the event of porosity) and cutting steel. Shop preliminary speaks to quick drying coatings which are utilized for transitory security of steel in the workshop amid ship development and utilization of the last covering framework. Transitory erosion security is performed in the workshop of preparing in mechanized plant beginning from drying sheets, shot impacting and covering as indicated by the ISO standard. Workshop coatings utilized are zinc silicate and epoxy press oxide shop preliminary. Epoxy press oxide is connected to acquire a more prominent thickness, requesting more paint, thusly bringing about higher coats and expanded misfortunes. Today in many shipyards zinc silicate is utilized as shop preliminary (with a share of 25-35 % zinc), which gives a superior quality welding and lessened event of undesirable zinc salts (a compound barely solvent in water and hard to clean from the surface) Shop preliminary must meet the accompanying prerequisites: It should be appropriate for mechanized re-coloring methodology, It have the most limited drying time (3 to 5 minutes), Imperviousness to high temperatures, It shouldnt discharge dangerous gasses amid welding and cutting, It shouldnt adversely influence the welding procedure It should not influence the mechanical properties of welded joints. 1.5.2 Terms of coating Surface readiness principles incorporate a few criteria, tenets and rules for the way toward get ready body metal surfaces. Surface states of steel structures are isolated into four phases: Steel surfaces secured with plant scale and little erosion, Steel surfaces, which have started to erode and from which process scale has begun to peel Steel surface displaying particles of rust or inadequately connected worrying factory scale with the main noticeable sings of setting, Steel surface that is unmistakably consumed and influenced by setting. The way towards planning metal surfaces done by different methods for abrasives. Abrasives are distinctive sorts of materials appropriate for the specific coarseness surface readiness, where the grating particles utilizing packed air are connected to the surface which is to be cleaned. 1.5.3 Method of Applying Coating The innovative procedure of erosion security utilizes diverse techniques for applying coatings by brush, roller or showering (air or airless), where the determination of the methodology influences the speed and nature of works. Paint brush is normally utilized for the methodology touch-up in the insurance of zones, for example, joints, moves, edges, welds and other unpleasant surfaces and setting. In these regions, color entrance is accomplished by applying the correct brushes: it cannot be accomplished by whatever other technique. Paint roller is seldom utilized in light of its deformities, arrangement of little uneven layers, more often than not with little crevices and openings. Applying a covering by splashing depends on scattering the paint as small beads that settle on the working parts. Airless splashing is a strategy that is most basic in the shipbuilding business since it empowers quick use of Paint onto extensive surface, high effect, the likelihood of applying thicker layer, and Great infiltration. ARC SPRAYING PROCESS Thermal spraying method is a process of coating in which a heated material is sprayed on its surface. This type of spraying can provide thick coatings over a large area at high deposition rate. Thermal spraying is classified into Plasma, Wire arc, Flame, Detonation, Warm and cold spraying. 2.1 Overview of Arc spraying process In electric arc spray process, two wires of desired materials act as electrodes are fed to spray gun at controlled feed rate. Compressed gas is also used to atomize and propel the material to the substrate. Fig.2: Schematic diagram of Wire arc spray device In this process, the anode and cathode wires are continuously melted and broken down into tiny droplets which are injected by air jets through a nozzle. The velocity of gas is a few hundreds of m/s but the gas is not heated, allowing operator to keep the substrate temperature below a few 0C without cooling. The arc powers generally range from 2 to 10 KW, airflow ranges from 0.8 to3 m3/min. The temperature of the arc can be as high as 20,000 k. DC generators are used a source for power. Before the arc process is performed, substrate surface is properly cleaned. For this purpose usually the surface is blasted using a compressed air abrasive blasting. This is effective for cleaning mill scaled on steel surface by using abrasive particle at high velocity and also for good adhesion of arc spray process. Along with this the substrate surface roughness is also important consideration to be made for proper coating bonding. To hinder rust formation and provide good bonding the coarse surface profile must be around 110 microns. Garnet is normally used abrasive as it can provide desired surface finish and roughness. As metallic abrasive usually result in energy being given off as a spark which might cause surface defect non -metallic abrasives are used. Fig.3: Arc spray process instrument Before the coating is applied on the substrate surface some conditions need to be satisfied, they are Surface finish must be greater than SA 2.5 as it can be visually inspected Surface roughness must range between 75 microns to 110 microns Permissible level for salt contamination of surface should not exceed 20 mg/m3 Dust level should not exceed the rating 1 2.2 Characteristics of Arc spray process Wire diameter: The wire diameter ranges from 1.6mm to 3.16mm. The deposition rate of coating on the surface depends on the wire diameter. Wire feed rate: This determines the rate at which the material must be introduced to the system, which is proportional to the rate at which the material introduced melts. Coating materials: Metals, cements, ceramics, polymers, carbides are some of the materials used for arc spray process. Solid wires produced from Chromium, zinc nickel based alloys or aluminum are generally used for arc spraying in marine application. Aluminum is considered to have the best performance for surface coating. Spray distance: The distance varies from 15cm to 25cm; the distance affects the deposition area of coating on the surface. Power requirement: Depending on the spraying material, voltage ranges from 16 V to 30 V. The applied voltage controls the input power to the arc which affects the rate at which the tips of the wires are heated and melted. The current is adjusted to 150 A for most of the applications. 2.3 APPLICATION OF ARC SPRAY PROCESS This process is mainly used for corrosion protection. Other than this, it is also applied for coatings of machineries like boiler tube, gear box, shafts and crankshafts in power plants. 2.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 2.4.1 Advantages Arc spraying process is economical when compared with other spraying techniques Any coating material can be used. Examples are ceramics, cement metals It has a high deposition rate of the thermal processes Operator requires less training The power requirement is also low Almost all substrate material can be coated Low porosity level can be achieved using this process Its useful as low heating of substrate makes arc spraying process useful in metalizing thermally sensitive substrate 2.4.2 Disadvantages Large amount of fume and dust is produced, which is a cause of concern for the operators health The materials used are limited to electrical conduction It can be sometimes seen that the coating quality does not meet to expectations as done with other technique 3. HOT DIP GALVANIZING 3.1 Overview of Hot Dip Galvanizing This process is used for coating iron an steel with a layer of Zinc by immersing the metal in molten zinc bath at a temperature of about 449 oC. This process forms a metallurgical bond between steel and molten Zinc and is done in a plant with controlled conditions. The bond formed has very good corrosion resistance due to the good molecular adhesion and the cathodic protection. The hot dip galvanization process mainly consists of 4 stages. Surface Preparation Removing oil/grease, dirt, paint etc. from the surface. Pickling in Acid To remove mill/scale. Flux Coating (Usually Zinc Ammonium Chloride) To prevent the oxidation of cleaned surface when exposed to air. Zinc Bath Dipping the material in Zinc bath and holding it until it reaches equilibrium with the bath temperature. Fig.4: Various steps in hot dip galvanizing method In HDG coating, the outermost layer (ETA) is a covering of pure zinc and is formed as the material is withdrawn from the molten Zinc bath. The underlying series of layers (of coating) are zinc-iron alloys and are formed as a result of metallurgical reaction between the molten zinc and the material being galvanized. In HDG process, the coating formed on the corners and edges of the material is generally thicker than the surrounding coating. The reason for this is that the zinc-iron alloys formed would grow perpendicular to the steel surface. The ETA layer is ductile and provides good impact resistance to the galvanized material. The combination of all the layers in the coating provides toughness to the material and also aids in resistance to mechanical damage in transport, erection and service of the components. Fig. 5: Typical cross section of a hot dip galvanized coating 3.2 Variable Parameters The appearance and the thickness of the galvanized coating are affected by several factors. Steel Composition: The galvanizing reaction produces thicker coatings for rough steel surfaces because of the increased surface area and also these coatings would have a poor appearance and would be a rough coating. Bath Immersion time: As galvanization is a diffusion process, the reaction between molten zinc and steel would be quick initially but slows down as the alloy layers grow and become thick. So, continuous immersion or dipping of the material more than once doesnt produce a significantly thicker coating. (Which happens in case of reactive steels) Speed of Withdrawal: The withdrawal rate of material from the galvanizing bath has a significant effect on the outermost layer of the pure zinc. Thickest coating would be formed when the withdrawal is rapid because this allows a large amount of zinc to be carried out on the material which would eventually solidify and become pure zinc layer. On contrary, smooth, thin and uniform coatings are formed with slower withdrawal rates as it allows the zinc to drain back into the kettle. Steel cooling Rate: The dull or matte gray coatings are usually due to slower cooling rates such as air cooling or quenching of thicker sections because the slow cooling would allow the zinc-iron alloying reaction to continue and the inner alloy layers would use the outer ETA layer for their zinc supply. The formation of dull/matte surfaces can be reduced by halting the galvanizing reaction by quickly reducing the temperature to less than 300oF. 3.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 3.3.1 Advantages Lower first cost: This process generally has the lowest first cost compared to any other protective coatings for steel. The application cost of painting which is a labor intensive coating has risen far more than the cost of factory applied hot dip galvanizing. Lower maintenance / lower long term cost: In some cases, the initial cost of hot-dip galvanizing is higher than alternative coatings, but it is more cost effective due to its lower maintenance costs during long service life. Maintenance is costlier for structures in remote areas. Maintenance programs have an invariably negative impact on productivity. Long Life:In hot dip galvanized coatings, the life expectancy of structural members is 50 years more than in more rural environments and 10 to 30 years in most corrosive urban and coastal environments. Surface preparation:To ensure uniform cleaning of steel surfaces,they must be immersed in acid whereas organic coatings must be applied on abrasive blast cleaned surfaces and should be verified by third party inspection. Adhesion: This coating is metallurgical bonded to the steel surface. Environment friendly:The coating is non toxic and doesnt contain any volatile substances. Speed of coating application:A full coating can be applied in minutes whereas multi paint coating system takes up to a week. The application of hot dip galvanized coating is not influenced by weather conditions. Uniform protection:Hot dip galvanized surfaces are protected both internally and externally including recesses, sharp corners and inaccessible areas for application of other coating methods. The coating is at least as thick over sharp corners as on flat surfaces. No other coating applied can provide similar uniform protection. Sacrificial protection for damaged areas:A hot dip galvanized coating would preferentially corrode to steel providing cathodic protection to small areas of steel exposed to damage. Toughness:A hot dip galvanized coating has outstanding resistance to mechanical damage during transport, erection and service due to its unique metallurgical structure. Disadvantages This process can only be carried out in a galvanizing plant and on site application is not possible. The color of the zinc coating can only be changed by painting the coated surface. The size of the zinc bath is a limiting factor for the component or structure dimensions. There is probability of distortion/warp of large flat unsupported sheet components and long, slender beams due to the high molten zinc temperature. The welding of the zinc coated steel would need different procedures as compared to the uncoated steel. During welding of hot-dip galvanized steel, there is a loss of coating in the first and second heat affected zones, but a portion of the coating remains right up to the edge of the weld. COMPARISON OF ARC SPRAY PROCESS AND HOT DIP GALVANIZING FOR COATING OF SHIP HULL As studied in the sections before both Arc Spray Process and Hot Dip Galvanizing has their advantages and disadvantages. In this section we will compare both these process based on important characteristics and try to find out which one would be a better suitable process for coating of ship hulls. 4.1 Surface Preparation Hot Dip Galvanizing requires specific surface preparation consisting of Degreasing, Pickling and in Flux solution, not only these surface preparation method requires special setup, but processes such as Pickling can introduce Hydrogen in the substrate causing Hydrogen embrittlement and Hydrogen Induced Cracking, however if the substrate steel is not cleaned properly the zinc will not bond with it and it may be noticed at that stage only. Surface preparation for Arc Spray requires the surface to be little coarse which can be done by abrasive air blasting which depends on the operators experience, but if the cleaning is not done properly it may not be detected then. Thus surface preparation by Hot Dip Galvanizing is advantageous. 4.2. Coverage Arc spray process cannot be used for coating of corners, edges and complex shapes such as threads and hollow section, all of which can be coated easily by hot dip galvanizing as it is a dip process. Since ship hulls are large bulky object which doesnt have any such complex shape both processes can be used here but still Hot Dip Galvanizing will be more beneficial. 4.3. Process Time and Economy Hot Dip Galvanizing takes less time as it can coat almost all the surface area at one go when dipped inside the bath whereas Arc spray process is a line by line process and hence takes more time. The equipment cost for arc spray is lower, its setup is also easier than Hot Dip Galvanizing, and the equipment is mobile whereas the baths for Hot Dip Galvanizing is stationary but this method can cover large area at one go. Therefore for coating of ship hull, Hot Dip Galvanizing is a faster process as they have a very large surface area for which Arc Spray process will take more time and the higher cost of Hot Dip Galvanizing is negated by ability to cover larger surface area at one goes. 4.4. Effect on Substrate For Hot Dip Galvanizing the baths are maintained at a temperature of around 450ÂÂ °C which is just below the austenitizing temperature of steel and hence may cause a change in microstructure of the substrate if there are some variations whereas since no hot jet is directed on the substrate in the arc spray process there is no effect on the underlying substrate. Thus only considering this effect on substrate thermal arc spray process is a better process. 4.5. Coating Thickness The thickness of coating in electric arc spray coating can be regulated by regulating the speed of wire feed in the process, thus it can be easily controlled whereas in Hot Dip Galvanizing a certain thickness may not be specified as the thickness depends on the withdrawal speed which may cause an uneven distributed coating. 4.6. Bond Strength The bond strength for arc spray process for ferrous and non ferrous alloys is within the range of 4000-7000 psi whereas for Hot Dip Galvanizing the bond strength is around 3600 psi, thus arc spray process provides comparatively higher bond strength. 4.7. Hazard Fumes and other hazardous by products are formed during the Hot Dip Galvanizing can pose health hazard to the operators who are working in the shop floor as well as to the environment. Thermal Arc Spray process on the other hand produces metallic dust consisting of very fine particles and fumes; also electric arc spray process operates at high current which can result in shock hazards if not treated with caution. Clearly both processes are hazardous both to human as well as environment. 4.8 Conclusion for comparison Considering all the above factors Hot Dip Galvanizing seems to a better and efficient process for coating of ship hulls, not only coating ship hulls which have large surface area by arc spray a time consuming task it doesnt providing any other significant advantages as compared to Hot Dip Galvanizing. CONCLUSION In this report, we have mentioned the different possibilities for anti-corrosion in marine environment. Here we have taken the two commonly used methods for the protection of ship hull from corrosion. As the instrument for arc spray process is quite cheaper compared to the other techniques, its widely used in marine industry. The coating adherence is good with no heating of the substrate generally; however coating done by this method is porous. The hot -dip galvanizing process is an effective way for resisting corrosion. It is a simple process with better service life. It gives high quality with low environmental pollution making it a good competitive method. After comparing the two methods, we can conclude that arc spray process is used if we want good control and for better quality, on the other hand hot-dip galvanizing is used for mass production as it turns to be economical. 6. REFERENCES [1] Muhamad Hafiz Abd Malek, Nor Hayati Saad, Sunhaji Kiyai Abas, Noriyati Mohd Shah, Thermal Arc Spray Overview, IOP Conf. series: Material science and engineering 46 (2013), doi:10.1088/1757-899X/46/1/012028 [2] M.F.O Schiefler Fiho, A.J.A Buschinelli, F.Gartner, A.Kirsten, J.Voyer, H.Kreye, Influence of process parameters on the quality of thermally sprayed X46Cr13 stainless steel coating, COBEF 2003- Brazilian Manufacturing Congress, 18-21 May 2003, Vol.XXVI, pp 98-106 [3] Website http://www.environment911.org/Environmental_Issues_With_Galvanizing [4] Website http://www.galvanizeit.org/education-and-resources [5] Website https://www.scientific.net/AMR.685.271 [6] Website https://www.upc.edu/sct/en [7] Website http://www.mbicoatings.com/content.cfm/Coatings/Arc-Spraycoatings/ category id/102/page id/170 [8] Website http://www.aeromac.com.sg/thermalsprayadv.html [9]Website http://www.metalplate.com/techdept/characteristics.php [10] Website https://www.canam-construction.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2012-12-hot-dip-galvanization-of-structural-steel.pdf

Formal Analysis of Galatea 2.2 Essay -- Galatea 2.2 Essays

Formal Analysis of Galatea 2.2  Ã‚   The novel became important in 19th century as the middle-class became more educated and desired entertainment. With the coming of 20th century and its sophisticated technologies, the form of the novel expanded to include science fiction: a genre that combines mankind's awe of new technology and the age-old attribute of fantasy. Writers of science fiction found it necessary to employ the traditional style of the novel in their modern works. This is one of the main points in Richard Powers' "Galatea 2.2". He combines realism of the traditional English novel with fantasy of the future world. "Galatea 2.2"’s fantastic is not a concrete one: the fictional plan appears here to be natural. As an autobiographical novel, the narrative represents the point of view of the narrator who always speaks in first person. He seems to be objective toward himself, and also toward the society that he enters. Through his words, the narration goes fluidly from past to present, but it is actually in the future. It is implementation that almost always makes connections with Powers' past: C. It is also implementation that makes him look to the future. But this is just one level of the narrative: the near future level. This plan has a limited space and time. Its place is the Center in U., and rarely is it passing these boundaries. Its time is also limited: one year, until the Ph.D. test. While one is reading, there is always a feeling of time’s pressure. The second level of the novel, C., is one of love and memory. Here the time seems to be mythic, and space is the world: U. and B . in the States; E. in the Netherlands, etc. The narrator explores both plans with the same close attention, details and intensity. The... ...-last words: ‘Don't stay away too long.’" (329) Also he paraphrases and cites the most significant novels, plays and poems of the past like "Pygmalion", "Tempest", "Don Quixote", "Frankenstein", "Paradise Lost", etc. Each of these connections bring a symbolic texture to the entire work. So who was the center of the plot: Powers, AI or C.? Who ultimately won? And where are the infamous "last-words"? This novel in its ambiguity and realism, leaves us with a sense that this story will go on and in some strange way we want to be a part of it. It takes us from a past real world to the fiction of the future where "The brain is wider than the sky" and "deeper than the sea" (Epigraph); and fact and fiction "differ [...]/ As syllable from sound." (Epigraph, 11-12). Work Cited Powers, Richard. Galatea 2.2. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. 1996      

88 Ways to Know Whether You Are Chinese :: essays research papers

88 Ways to Know Whether You Are Chinese ( BBS  µÃ‚ µÃ‚ °Ã‚ ¸) 1. You look like you are 18. 2. You like to eat chicken feet. 3. You suck on fish heads and fish fins. 4. You have a Chinese knick-knack hanging on your rear view mirror. 5. You sing Karaoke. 6. Your house is covered with tile. 7. Your kitchen is covered by a sticky film of grease. 8. Your stove is covered with aluminium foil. 9. You leave the plastic covers on your remote control. 10. You've never kissed your mom or dad. 11. You've never hugged your mom or dad. 12. Your unassisted vision is worse than 20/500. 13. You wear contacts, to avoid wearing your "coke bottle glasses". 14. You've worn glasses since you were in fifth grade. 15. Your hair sticks up when you wake up. 16. You'll haggle over something that is not negotiable. 17. You love to use coupons. 18. You drive around looking for the cheapest petrol. 19. You drive around for hours looking for the best parking space. 20. You take showers at night. 21. You avoid the non-free snacks in hotel rooms. 22. You don't mind squeezing 20 people into one motel room. 23. Most girls have more body hair than you, if you are male. 24. You tap the table when someone pours tea for you. 25. You say "Aiya!" and "Wah!" frequently. 26. You don't want to wear your seatbelt because it is uncomfortable. 27. You love Las Vegas, slot machines, and blackjack. 28. You unwrap Christmas gifts very carefully, so you can reuse the paper. 29. You only buy Christmas cards after Christmas, when they are 50% off. 30. You have a vinyl table cloth on your kitchen table. 31. You spit bones and other food scraps on the table. (That's why you need the vinyl tablecloth). 32. You have stuff in the freezer since the beginning of time. 33. You use the dishwasher as a dish rack. 34. You have never used your dishwasher. 35. You keep a Thermos of hot water available at all times. 36. You eat all meals in the kitchen. 37. You save grocery bags, tin foil, and tin containers. 38. You have a piano in your living room 39. You pick your teeth at the dinner table (but you cover your mouth). 40. You twirl your pen around your fingers. 41. You hate to waste food. 42. You have Tupperware in your fridge with three bites of rice or one leftover chicken wing. 43. You don't own any real Tupperware - only a cupboard full of used but carefully rinsed margarine tubs, takeout containers, and jam jars. 88 Ways to Know Whether You Are Chinese :: essays research papers 88 Ways to Know Whether You Are Chinese ( BBS  µÃ‚ µÃ‚ °Ã‚ ¸) 1. You look like you are 18. 2. You like to eat chicken feet. 3. You suck on fish heads and fish fins. 4. You have a Chinese knick-knack hanging on your rear view mirror. 5. You sing Karaoke. 6. Your house is covered with tile. 7. Your kitchen is covered by a sticky film of grease. 8. Your stove is covered with aluminium foil. 9. You leave the plastic covers on your remote control. 10. You've never kissed your mom or dad. 11. You've never hugged your mom or dad. 12. Your unassisted vision is worse than 20/500. 13. You wear contacts, to avoid wearing your "coke bottle glasses". 14. You've worn glasses since you were in fifth grade. 15. Your hair sticks up when you wake up. 16. You'll haggle over something that is not negotiable. 17. You love to use coupons. 18. You drive around looking for the cheapest petrol. 19. You drive around for hours looking for the best parking space. 20. You take showers at night. 21. You avoid the non-free snacks in hotel rooms. 22. You don't mind squeezing 20 people into one motel room. 23. Most girls have more body hair than you, if you are male. 24. You tap the table when someone pours tea for you. 25. You say "Aiya!" and "Wah!" frequently. 26. You don't want to wear your seatbelt because it is uncomfortable. 27. You love Las Vegas, slot machines, and blackjack. 28. You unwrap Christmas gifts very carefully, so you can reuse the paper. 29. You only buy Christmas cards after Christmas, when they are 50% off. 30. You have a vinyl table cloth on your kitchen table. 31. You spit bones and other food scraps on the table. (That's why you need the vinyl tablecloth). 32. You have stuff in the freezer since the beginning of time. 33. You use the dishwasher as a dish rack. 34. You have never used your dishwasher. 35. You keep a Thermos of hot water available at all times. 36. You eat all meals in the kitchen. 37. You save grocery bags, tin foil, and tin containers. 38. You have a piano in your living room 39. You pick your teeth at the dinner table (but you cover your mouth). 40. You twirl your pen around your fingers. 41. You hate to waste food. 42. You have Tupperware in your fridge with three bites of rice or one leftover chicken wing. 43. You don't own any real Tupperware - only a cupboard full of used but carefully rinsed margarine tubs, takeout containers, and jam jars.

Music Piracy Is a Good Thing Essay

If pirating music hurts musicians income so badly it would show, and after all this time of pirating music it hasn’t. Music piracy benefits artists more than it hurts, therefore it should be legal. Music piracy is mostly committed by people who are everyday people who have average income jobs and have families who end up being sued by big record companies over downloading music for free. It seems a bit to greedy when you look at the difference in pay between the artist and the people who download the songs. ( †¦) say that the people who pirate the music are more likely to go to the show and buy the albums after downloading music (Ernesto). Also, people who pirate music tracks are very likely to develop an connection to the bands orartists and that will lead to them attending the shows, buying albums and merchandise. When putting this issue in perspective, record companies are just looking for money without any consideration for the ways of getting it. Record companies start suing people who have downloaded music for ridiculous amount of money in attempt to intimidate and scare off the fellons from downloading music illegally. The main groups affected are college kids that don’t have the money. Sarah Barg was a sophomore at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Sarah received an email from a label company stating that she owed $3,000 to the Recording Industry Association of America (Bratton). For that amount,, Sarah would be paying $7. 87 for each song. Majority of the songs she pirated were from the eighties and weren’t even relevant anymore, and yet she was battling record company’s in court over them them. Sixty students like Sarah at UNL received the same similar, as well as hundreds sent out to over sixty other universities across the country. Not knowing ow else to handle the situation, Barg contacted her parents and they had to cover her settlement. â€Å"I don’t know what I would have done. I’m only 20 years old,† says Barg. Well over five hundred students across the states have paid settlements to avoid being sued. â€Å"I see it as bullying,† UNL freshman Andrew Johnson says, â€Å"Legally, it makes sense, because we donâ⠂¬â„¢t have the money to fight back. † Johnson illegally downloaded one song and settled $3,000 to avoid being sued for one song. The money used came from the 18 year old’s college fund and he now has to work two jobs to compensate for his losses. The record companies seem to target those can’t fight back. In 2007, major record companies such as Warner music groups, Warner Bros Records, Inc. , and Sony BMG Music Entertainment, tried to sue a young girl from Texas named Whitney Harper for illegally downloading music from file sharing networks on the internet (Malisow). Whitney was at the time was sixteen years old and was being sued for a minimum of $750 per song when Whitney downloaded thirtyseven songs. That is a little over $20,000 and she is only sixteen years old. Harper tried to use the Innocent Infringer Act that would reduce fees to $200 per song. In order to accomplish that, Harper had to prove she was unaware of the copyright laws by claiming that the copyright notice placed on cds were not on the file sharing networks on the Internet therefore she was unaware. The companies referred to the sixteen-year-old as a â€Å"long term massive infringer† of copyright laws. Harper warned that if the companies won the case that downloading music off the Internet could never be innocent infringement. The Harper case is one the few after many years still going through federal court. The companies had stated they were going to begin transitioning away from suing individuals and find better means of fixing the issue. After years of record companies using an intimidation method to fix the pirating problem, it got them nowhere because the amount of pirates only went up, and the efforts by the companies were in most cases useless. According to the Wall Street Journal, they attempted suing many single mothers, a thirteen-year-old girl, and a dead peope. The new approach is for the companies to work with Internet service providers and when music is eing pirated the user receives a warning that they will lose Internet service if they continue(WSJ. com). The companies still reserve the right to sue if someone is a heavy violator or has ignored several warnings, but even with this new system, it still seems like the companies are only out for money, but in an attempt to escape negative attention from the media, they change their approach. According to The Independent, peo ple who illegally download music also spend more money on music, concerts, merchandises than anyone else. The Secretary of State for Business, Peter Mandelson, stated that the record companies new approach to crack down on illegal down loaders by cutting off internet service could potentially harm the music industry more than help it. â€Å"The people who file share are the ones who are interested in music. They use file sharing as a discovery mechanism. † The artists also have mixed opinions over file sharing, some such as James Blunt and Lily Allen are anti-piracy and Shakira is pro-piracy(Shields). Sites have come out with monthly bills for unlimited music plans that seem fairer. Some artists don’t feel affected by file sharing and support the fact that piracy creates a bigger fan base for them. Bands like Angels and Airwaves have produced free records so copyright wasn’t an issue. They figure that the fans will still come see them play and record sales aren’t the only thing to being in a successful band. Some artists don’t seem to realize that. Most artists make plenty off of record sales even with a piracy problem, so court cases and law suits on everyday people by record companies seems a bit greedy and selfish. Even with the new laws, they are still pushing to stop this unstoppable problem. Today music piracy is referred to as a dead issue. Most cases that are still pending are being dropped. This year a $54,000 fine on a single mother of four was dropped by the U. S. District Court Judge, Micheal Davis, who stated piracy is â€Å"no longer monstrous and shocking. The need for deterrence cannot justify a two million verdict for stealing and distributing twenty-four songs for the sole purpose of obtaining free music†(physorg. om). Thomas Rasset was convicted in 2007 and was ordered to pay $220,000, but the judge who presided over the trial called off the verdict, saying it was â€Å"wholly disproportionate and oppressive. † Her case was one of the thousands that had actually made it to court. In 2011, with new laws, these cases should not be forgotten about. The people who lost cases should be compensated and apologized to because they did nothing other than have an interest in the artist.