Titration Research Paper Free Essays

string(133) 50 ml of volume this permitted enough volume of NaOH(aq) to be titrated, since the specific volume to kill the corrosive was unknown. Quantitative Chemistry â€Titration Determination of the Molarity of an Unknown Solution through Acid-Base Titration Technique 1. Presentation 1. 1 Aim The point of this examination was to decide the exact molarity of two (NaOH(aq)) sodium hydroxide arrangements created toward the start of the test through the corrosive base titration method. We will compose a custom paper test on Titration Research Paper or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now 1. 2 Theoretical Background Titration is a technique normally utilized in research facility examinations to complete synthetic investigation. The most regular concoction investigation performed through titration is while deciding the specific centralization of an answer of obscure molarity. This procedure is generally utilized in redox and corrosive base responses. Redox response is when decrease †lost of oxygen †of one of the substances present in a response happens and in this manner oxidation †increase of oxygen †of the second substance in a similar response happens. Then again, corrosive base response is the point at which an answer of known molarity2 and volume present in a funnel shaped carafe is titrated against an answer of obscure molarity in a burette until balance is reached. As I have appeared in eq. 1, in this examination it was a corrosive responding with a base, subsequently, a corrosive base titration. q. 1 †Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium Chloride + water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) In this examination the last response was completed, having hydrochloric corrosive (HCl(aq)) as the analyte in the tapered cup and sodium hydroxide (NaOH(aq)) as the titrant in the burette. The analyte was likewise assigned as th e standard arrangement of the investigation, since it has known estimations of volume and fixation, the figures that permitted the molarity of the titrant to be determined. In a corrosive base titration, the titrant in the burette is bit by bit added to the analyte in the funnel shaped carafe until balance occurs, in this manner, the response arrives at fruition. At the point when balance happens the substances present toward the end point are stoichiometrically comparable, at the end of the day, the estimation of moles of NaOH(aq) present toward the finish of the response is equal to the estimation of moles of HCl(aq) in a similar arrangement as appeared on eq. 2 underneath. eq. 2 †HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) 1 : 1 The end purpose of a titration response can be acquired through two significant strategies. Initially is by utilizing a pH meter which works by acquainting anodes with the cup containing the standard arrangement. Once in the cone shaped carafe, these anodes would gauge the H+ particles present in the cone shaped jar since they change as the titrant in included, until balance occurs, subsequently, deciding the pH of the arrangement. Realizing that balance happens when the pH of the arrangement is equivalent to 7, thus, toward the end point the pH meter will understand 7. The subsequent technique would utilize a shading pointer this could be paper or in fluid structure. In a corrosive base titration it is advantageous to utilize a marker in fluid. For example, phenolphthalein is an intermittent marker in this kind of response which is dreary in an acidic arrangement and turns pink when in a fundamental arrangement. This marker works by including a couple of drops into the tapered carafe containing the acidic analyte and titrate the essential titrant drop-wise until shade of the arrangement framed in the cone shaped jar changes to pink. Taking everything into account, the shading marker was utilized in this trial since it is the most available technique to gauge the end purpose of a corrosive base titration. The reason for this examination was to decide the obscure molarity of NaOH(aq) from corrosive base titration. The planning of NaOH(aq) was finished by the understudies playing out this examination. The understudies were assigned mass of NaOH(s) that was weakened in water and subsequently acquired the arrangement NaOH(aq), for this situation the titrant. Be that as it may, the analyte was not delivered by the understudy however given. Along these lines, after the titration was proceeded as clarified on the past sections, the information expected to ascertain the molarity of NaOH(aq) was acquired. 1. 3 Preliminary figurings 1. 3. 1 The primary significant incentive to be acquired from the examination was the volume of NaOH(aq) utilized. This was finished by the accompanying condition: eq. 3 †for first arrangement created Average volume of second preliminary †volume of first trial2= V1 eq. 4 †for second arrangement delivered Average volume of second preliminary †volume of first trial2= V2 1. 3. The following stage while deciding the molarity of NaOH(aq) was to compute the moles of HCl(aq) by utilizing the volume HCl(aq) gave on the lab contents and the molarity acquired from the container of HCl(aq) utilized during the examination. The eq. 5 and eq. 6 underneath was utilized to compute: eq. 5 †moles1 = V1 (dm3) ? molarity (M) eq. 6 †moles2 = V2 (dm3) ? molarity (M) 1. 3. 3 The third sig nificant condition, for the two arrangements, important are the quantity of moles of NaOH(aq) present in the response. This was gotten by utilizing proportion of the moles of NaOH(aq) : HCl(aq) utilized during the examination. This can be reviewed by eq. 2 eq. 2 †HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) 1 : 1. 3. 4 Hence, moles of the two arrangements of NaOH(aq) will be equivalent to the quantity of moles of HCl(aq) since the mole proportion is 1:1. That is for each one mole of HCl(aq) responded, one mole of NaOH(aq) would have responded with to kill the corrosive. Subsequently, the accompanying condition will be utilized: eq. 7 †moles of HCl(aq)= NaOH(aq) 1. 3. 5 Lastly, the condition of the molarity of NaOH(aq): eq. 8 †Molarity for arrangement 1 =moles1volume1 q. 9 †Molarity for arrangement 1 =moles1volume1 2. Examination 2. 1 Apparatus Due to the idea of the examination specialized and exact research center device were utilized to guarantee best exactness in results. For example, so as to quantify the corrosive, a pipette of precisely 20ml was utilized. This was extremely valuable since it helped in decreasing the opportunity of estimating either pretty much of corrosive required for th e examination. Also, the burette used to titrate the NaOH(aq) had 50 ml of volume this permitted enough volume of NaOH(aq) to be titrated, since the specific volume to kill the corrosive was obscure. You read Titration Research Paper in classification Article models Another exact device was the attractive stirrer. Being attractive and electric it permitted the arrangement in the jar to be blended persistently and overwhelmingly and subsequently permit the specific volume of corrosive to be acquired. The different mechanical assembly that were additionally utilized in this trial were simply the arrangements †titrant and analyte †themselves. The sodium hydroxide was given in pellets though the hydrochloric corrosive was given in fluid structure the molarity of 1M. In addition, volumetric carafes of volume of 100ml were likewise given. This were utilized to deliver the NaOH(aq) arrangements, thus the purpose behind permitting 100ml of NaOH(aq) to be created. In its turn, cone shaped carafes of 250 ml of volume were additionally given. As referenced on the basic passages, the analyte is kept in the funnel shaped carafe. For this situation, a volume of 250 ml was permitted to have the corrosive and the titrated base giving enough space for the answer for be shaped. Ultimately, phenolphthalein pointer was given together it a couple of gloves to maintain a strategic distance from unintentional stain on students’ hands. The contraption setting is appeared underneath in fig. 1. fig. 1 †chart of mechanical assembly utilized in the examination 2. 2 Safety as far as security, the examination included extremely solid arrangements. For example, the sodium hydroxide pellets, in spite of the fact that they were in strong structure, in the wake of dissolving in water it could cause serious consumes whenever put in direct contact with skin or eyes. Thus, as a pre-preventative measure a few gloves just as goggles were given to understudies. It was critical to bring up that if there should arise an occurrence of mishap in eyes, swallow or skin get in touch with it ought to be washed vivaciously in bottomless water and look for clinical consideration. With respect to the hydrochloric corrosive, it was an acidic arrangement that whenever gulped it would be destructive. Also to sodium hydroxide it could cause serious consumes if in contact with eyes or skin. For counteraction of any mishap, sterile garments, goggles and gloves were given. Nonetheless, if there should be an occurrence of mishap, clinical exhortation must be promptly given to understudy. 2. 3 Procedure This analysis, it included two unique arrangements of NaOH(aq), hence, it was permitted to understudies to work two by two so as to spare time, since just 3 hours were permitted to perform examination. The initial segment of the examination was to get ready two NaOH(aq) arrangements. Consequently, every understudy was distributed a mass of NaOH(s) to gauge. In this examination performed, 2g and 5g of NaOH(s) pellets were intended to be weight utilizing a 2 decimal spot weight balance. Nonetheless, since moderately huge pellets were given and not powder, it made unrealistic to gauge the specific mass planned, rather, 2. 07g and 5. 19g were gauged. Subsequent to weighting the majority of NaOH(s), the pellets weighting 2. 07g and 5. 19g each mass was placed in a different 250ml volumetric cup, water was added to the carafe and afterward shook so as to let the pellets break down to for an answer An and arrangement B of NaOH(aq) individually. Besides, the mechanical assembly appeared in fig. was as appeared in the figure. Thirdly, 20ml of HCl(aq) was estimated as precise as conceivable by utilizing a pipette if 20 ml of volume. This HCl(aq) estimated was placed in a 250ml funnel shaped carafe. In the wake of setting up the corrosive, for this situation, the analyte, 7 drops of phenolphthalein pointer was added to the cone shaped flagon where the analyte was included. The cone shaped jar was plac

5 Points of Oedipus Rex Essay

Five Important Points of â€Å"On Misunderstanding the Oedipus Rex† †¢ Oedipus Rex endeavor to legitimize the methods of God to man by: 1. â€Å"Proving† that we get what we merit. A model is the way Oedipus rewarded Creon severely, so the divine beings rebuffed him. 2. Oedipus Rex is â€Å"a catastrophe of destiny†, the play â€Å"proves that man has no freewill and is constrained by divine beings. 3. Sophocles was â€Å"a unadulterated artist†, so he isn't keen on legitimizing the divine beings, and Oedipus Rex was only an energizing play. †¢ Oedipus did unpleasant things unconsciously, on the off chance that they did it intentionally, perusers won’t have sympathy. The shocking legend must have a major good blemish. †¢ A noteworthy distinction among Sophocles and Aeschylus is that Sophocles believes that destiny is genuine, and can not be stayed away from. Oedipus attempts to keep away from the prophet given about him that he will lay down with his mom and execute his dad, however at long last, it despite everything occurs. Aeschylus’ believing is that destiny could be kept away from. As per him, the prophet given to Laius was avoidable: â€Å"Do not conceive a youngster; for on the off chance that you do, that kid will execute you.† †¢ Oedipus blinded himself to cut himself off from contact with humankind. On the off chance that he suicides, he would meet his folks in the following scene. He blinded himself since he was unable to confront the living or the dead. †¢ Oedipus Rex is a play about human significance. Oedipus tumbled from his high situation to the scummiest of the scummy, he despite everything has the solidarity to acknowledge and suffer it. His inward quality is upright, since he seeks after truth at whatever individual expense.

Jihad- A Misunderstood Phenomenon free essay sample

This paper clarifies that the adversarial see with respect to the marvel of Jihad is excessively shallow, off base and preposterous. This paper clarifies that the opposing perspective in regards to the marvel of Jihad is excessively shallow, incorrect and irrational. The creator clarifies that these perspectives win rather than the genuine significance of Jihad. Endnotes. The beginning of each and every religion has encountered powers neutralizing its development. Thus, there have been examples where most significant religions have needed to utilize power so as to endure, win or exist at all so far as that is concerned. We can look into the Christian campaigns or the Samurai atrocities or the Six-day war among Israel and the Arabs or even the kamikaze pilots of the Shinto confidence and the rundown continues endlessly. In spite of the fact that we can't limit the political and social propensities engaged with these wars, anybody with minimal good judgment can come to the end result that the center premise of these wars was religion. We will compose a custom exposition test on Jihad-A Misunderstood Phenomenon or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Islam is no special case in such manner. History, particularly from the western point of view is loaded with the Muslim successes of Spain and India. Islam (in any event in the west) has been marked as the cutting edge variant of barbarianism. This diminish sightedness is a consequence of a few components starting from the Muslims themselves and in the end forming into the inexorably mainstream idea that Islam fundamentally is the Mecca of le diable a quatre. On the off chance that we investigate the Muslim fighting, single word that surfaces each time is Jihad.

Individual Asset Allocation Exercise Essay

Gathering 2 Inquiries for Individual Asset Allocation Exercise: 1. Dispense your anecdotal $1,000,000 among the accompanying three resource classes: Resource U.S. Values U.S. 30-Year Treasury Bonds Money All out Distribution 45% 35% 20% 100% Legitimize your distribution dependent on your standpoint for precise hazard in the U.S. economy throughout the following year. In view of GDP, there is a normal development in rates for the accompanying quarter, however it may not be an emotional one. Rates have been fluctuating inside around a 1-2% territory in the past quarters following 2010. Putting resources into stocks would be coherent when there is a development since more business exercises will be completed, in this way converting into higher corporate benefits. In any case, a developing GDP may put the economy in danger of swelling. Gross domestic product might be becoming because of shopper certainty, which also is by all accounts consistently developing. Customer certainty shows that shoppers are bound to spend and put resources into the economy, which will assist with boosting it. This is useful for stocks since a developing GDP will bring about sound corporate benefits and higher stock costs. Buyers might be increasingly ready to spend and put resources into the economy because of a fall in jobless cases. This implies there are more individuals working so less individuals are petitioning for joblessness protection, hence an improving work advertise. Since more individuals have employments there is additionally spending inside the economy, which converts into a more advantageous economy by and large. Nonetheless, too minimal jobless cases may negatively affect the economy in that it might trigger pay swelling, which is awful news for the financial exchange. Organizations need to set out impetuses like paying additional time or higher wages to draw in business, accordingly spending more in the process of giving birth costs. The Federal Reserve will in general increment loan fees when wage swelling looks excessively compromising, which contrarily influences both the stock and security advertise. Due to the previously mentioned advertise chances in the economy, it appears to be ideal to contribute the biggest section (45%) to US values. The US is by all accounts flourishing in a developing economy since the monetary emergency, which is positive for the financial exchange, since a sound economy prompts an expansion in value costs, which blossoms with developing corporate benefits. It would then be ideal to allot 35% to US multi year treasury bonds, since bonds will in general be less unsafe than stocks. Bonds have a higher probability of getting an arrival on the venture than stocks, which have a higher chance of misfortune. Notwithstanding, bonds do have a lesser rate of profitability, in this manner as much benefit won’t be made contrasted with a stock that’s progressing nicely. Anyway bonds will in general be more secure, however simultaneously are at a danger of being influenced by expansion since the economy regularly strolls a scarcely discernible difference between solid development and unreasonable development in the economy. At long last, 20% ought to be kept as money just to ensure that there is money within reach in the event of crises. Since there are dangers related with both the security and financial exchange the same, as the economy develops and becomes in danger of expansion. Money will have the option to give adaptability during times when the market is feeling constrained.

What Is a Statement of Settlement?

What Is a Statement of Settlement?In a personal injury lawsuit, the final statement is usually not written until the settlement is settled. This final statement is then signed by both sides and if the court approves the settlement agreement, they file a final judgment.A final statement is typically quite brief and it should cover a number of points. To keep your case moving along without losing momentum, be sure to take a few minutes to read over the various points covered in the final statement, and ensure that all the proper issues are addressed in it.An important point that must be included in the final statement is a claim for damages or injuries. This statement needs to be supported by a medical opinion and you should get this document from the doctor treating you. Also, be sure to get copies of the reports related to the physical therapy and work done on you by the physician.Next, you will want to mention damages related to the pain and suffering you suffered. Be sure to explai n how this money will be used to make the life changes you've discussed with your doctor. You should be clear on how the damages are to be used and the jury should see this as a clear and compelling statement. Also, it is important to note that the jury will determine how much the damages will be, which means that you should take into account all the factors that will affect how much you get paid.Next, you will want to get your damages stated out. Some examples of damages could include past and future loss of income, pain and suffering, future medical bills, pain and suffering, loss of a living wage, lost wages and future expenses, care and maintenance, temporary physical disabilities, nursing home costs, pain and suffering due to the injury, dental expenses, and any other expenses associated with your injuries. Be sure to take time to get your damages explained.Lastly, the final statement should mention the date of the settlement. This will also help to settle any doubts on whether the settlement has been settled or not.You can have a lawyer draft the final statement for you if you are not a lawyer. You should be able to get the lawyer to do this without difficulty, though, since this type of statement is normally in black and white. You don't need to worry about whether the lawyer's legal skills are adequate or not, since the writing in this statement is simple and direct.Remember, it is very important to get your final statement together for your personal injury lawsuit. It will prove to the jury that you have suffered an injury, that you're seeking damages for this injury, and that you've offered the settlement in writing. If you're confident about these points, be sure to get the statement out on time, as many of the jurors won't understand the language or the concept of a written settlement.

Exploring and analyzing the exchange of derivatives - Free Essay Example

Derivative is a financial asset which derives its value from specified underlying asset. A derivative does not have any physical existence but emerges out of a contract between two parties. It does not have any value of its own but its value, in turn, depends on the value of other physical assets which are called underlying asset. These underlying assets may be shares, debentures, tangible commodities, currencies, or short term or long term financial securities. Securities Contracts (regulation) Act, 1956 defines a derivative as a security derived from a debt instrument, share loan and contract which derive their value from price or index of prices of underlying securities. The value of derivative may depend upon any of these underlying assets. The parties to the contract of derivatives are the parties other than the issuer or dealer in underlying asset. Some of the basic features of derivatives are: As the derivatives are not the physical assets, the transactions in the derivative are settled by the offsetting/squaring transaction in the same derivative. The differences in the value of the derivative is cash settled There is no limit on number of units transacted in the derivative market because there is no physical asset to be transacted. The derivative markets are usually the screen based computerized exchanges as against the trading markets for physical asset. Derivatives are only secondary market securities and cannot help in raising funds to a firm. In fact derivatives arise only when the shares and debentures are already issued by the companies. The derivative market is quite liquid and transactions can be effected easily. The derivatives provide a hedging of price risk of financial transactions over a certain period. It is a contract to be settled in future, by cash payment of difference in price. A derivative price must be distinguished from the underlying assets though the value of derivative and the underlying assets are related Types of Derivatives Commodity Derivatives and Financial derivatives: Derivatives contracts may be entered into for different type of commodities such as sugar, jute, pepper, jiggery, castor seeds etc. on the other hand the derivatives in currencies, gilt edged securities, shares, share indices etc are known as Financial derivatives. These are transacted all over the world. In India Stock Index futures, Stock Index Option, Stock Options, and Stock futures can be traded at BSE and NSE. Basic Derivative and Complex Derivative: The basic derivative are derivatives on underlying assets. Futures and options are two basic derivatives. However there are certain other derivatives such as swaps which may be classified as complex derivatives. Participants in Derivative Market In the derivative market, different types of parties participate. The derivatives are the hedging instrument participants with the objective also trade in the derivatives. Various participants may be classified into: Hedgers: derivatives have come upto the needs of the hedgers. Derivatives help both the parties to hedge. In case of commodity future contract farmers want to lock in the price for their produce and the merchants want to lock in the price they want to pay for the produce. Futures contract enable both the parties to hedge. Hedgers can use option contract also. Option protect the hedgers against the price movements while still allowing them to benefit from favourable price movements. So the hedgers have risk exposure which they offset by a derivative. Hedgers seek to protect themselves against price changes in an asset in which they have an interest. Speculators: Speculators are participants who are ready to take a risk for some return. They take position in the market either by betting that price will go up or by betting that the prices will go down. A participant will can speculate in futures or options. Speculators potential gain or loss is very large in case of futures, however loss may be limited and gain will be unlimited in case of options. Speculators are major player in derivative market. Arbitrageurs: Arbitrageurs are another group of participant in the derivative market. The arbitrage refers to locking in to risk less profit by simultaneously entering into two transactions in two different markets. The profit opportunities appear because of differences in price of the same asset in different markets. Types of Financial derivatives Forwards: Transaction agreements in assets can be broadly classified as Steady or Ready delivery contracts: where the asset is to be physically delivered immediately or within few days and payment is made in cash Future Delivery Contract: where the physical delivery of the asset is slated for the future date and the payment to be made as agreed. The futures delivery can be further classified as: Non transferable future delivery contract, where the contract must be performed by the parties as per the terms and condition mentioned. Transferable future delivery contract, when the parties to the contract can transfer the rights and obligation under the contract to the third party. The first one is known as forward contract and the second one is known as future contract. A Forward contract is agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a future date at an agreed price today. Futures: A future is a contract to buy or sell the stated quantity of a commodity or a financial claim at a specified price at a future specified date. The parties to the future have to buy or sell the asset regardless of what happens to its value during the intervening period or what shall be the price on the date for which the contract is finalized. The futures are transferrable future delivery contract. Both the parties to the future have the right to transfer the contract by entering into an offsetting futures contract. It is not transferred until the settlement date then they have obligation to fulfill the terms and condition of the contract. Futures are traded on the exchanges and the terms of the futures contract are standardized by the exchange with reference to quantity, date, unit of price quotation, minimum change in price etc. futures can be of commodities such as agricultural products, oil gas, gold, silver etc. Or of financial claims such as shares, debentures, treasury bonds, share index, foreign exchange etc. Option: these are contracts which provide the holder the right to sell or buy a specified quantity of an underlying asset at a fixed price on or before the expiration of the option date. Options provide a right and not the obligation to buy or sell. The holder of the option can exercise the option at his discretion or may allow the option to lapse. As the option provide the right to buy or sell, these are the two types of option: The Call Option: A call option provides to the holder a right to buy a specified assets at a specified price on or before a specified date. The Put Option: A put option provides to the holder a right to sell specified assets at specified price on or before a specified date Swap: A swap is a contract in which two parties agree to exchange their respective cash flows. These are private arrangements between the parties to exchange cash flows accordingly to some pre arranged terms. The parties to the swap contract are known as counter parties. In swap one party agrees to exchange his set of pre-determined cash flows with the pre-determined cash flows of the other party. The swaps are of two types: Currency Swaps: A currency swap is transaction between two parties in which one promises to make a series of payment to other party at a specific date in exchange for a payment from the other party in different currencies. So in swaps the cash flows of different currencies are swapped Interest Rate Swap: these are the agreement between two parties in which each party makes a series of interest payment to the other party at pre-determined dates. At least one the interest rate is variable, i.e. floating rate in the sense that at which the interest payments will be made at the later date is known. The most common interest rate swap is known as Plain Vanilla swap in which one rate is fixed and other rate is floating History of Derivatives The history of derivatives is quite colorful and surprisingly a lot longer than most people think. Forward delivery contracts, stating what is to be delivered for a fixed price at a specified place on a specified date, existed in ancient Greece and Rome. Roman emperors entered forward contracts to provide the masses with their supply of Egyptian grain. These contracts were also undertaken between farmers and merchants to eliminate risk arising out of uncertain future prices of grains. Thus, forward contracts have existed for centuries for hedging price risk. The first organized commodity exchange came into existence in the early 1700s in Japan. The first formal commodities exchange, the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), was formed in 1848 in the US to deal with the problem of credit risk and to provide centralized location to negotiate forward contracts. From forward trading in commodities emerged the commodity futures. The first type of futures contract was called to arrive at. Trading in futures began on the CBOT in the 1860s. In 1865, CBOT listed the first exchange traded derivatives contract, known as the futures contracts. Futures trading grew out of the need for hedging the price risk involved in many commercial operations. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), a spin-off of CBOT, was formed in 1919, though it did exist before in 1874 under the names of Chicago Produce Exchange (CPE) and Chicago Egg and Butter Board (CEBB). The first financial futures to emerge were the currency in 1972 in the US. The first foreign currency futures were traded on May 16, 1972, on International Monetary Market (IMM), a division of CME. The currency futures traded on the IMM are the British Pound, the Canadian Dollar, the Japanese Yen, the Swiss Franc, the German Mark, the Australian Dollar, and the Euro dollar. Currency futures were followed soon by interest rate futures. Interest rate futures contracts were traded for the first time on the CBOT on October 20, 1975. Stock index futures and options emerged in 1982. The first stock index futures contracts were traded on Kansas City Board of Trade on February 24, 1982. T he first of the several networks, which offered a trading link between two exchanges, was formed between the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (SIMEX) and the CME on September 7, 1984. Options are as old as futures. Their history also dates back to ancient Greece and Rome. Options are very popular with speculators in the tulip craze of seventeenth century Holland. Tulips, the brightly coloured flowers, were a symbol of affluence; owing to a high demand, tulip bulb prices shot up. Dutch growers and dealers traded in tulip bulb options. There was so much speculation that people even mortgaged their homes and businesses. These speculators were wiped out when the tulip craze collapsed in 1637 as there was no mechanism to guarantee the performance of the option terms. The first call and put options were invented by an American financier, Russell Sage, in 1872. These options were traded over the counter. Agricultural commodities options were traded in the nineteenth century in England and the US. Options on shares were available in the US on the over the counter (OTC) market only until 1973 without much knowledge of valuation. A group of firms known as Put and Call brokers and Dealers Association was set up in early 1900s to provide a mechanism for bringing buyers and sellers together. On April 26, 1973, the Chicago Board options Exchange (CBOE) was set up at CBOT for the purpose of trading stock options. It was in 1973 again that black, Merton, and Scholes invented the famous Black-Scholes Option Formula. This model helped in assessing the fair price of an option which led to an increased interest in trading of options. With the options markets becoming increasingly popular, the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) and the Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX) began trading in options in 1975. The market for futures and options grew at a rapid pace in the eighties and nineties. The collapse of the Bretton Woods regime of fixed parties and the introduction of floating rates for currencies in the international financial markets paved the way for development of a number of financial derivatives which served as effective risk management tools to cope with market uncertainties. The CBOT and the CME are two largest financial exchanges in the world on which futures contracts are traded. The CBOT now offers 48 futures and option contracts (with the annual volume at more than 211 million in 2001).The CBOE is the largest exchange for trading stock options. The CBOE trades options on the SP 100 and the SP 500 stock indices. The Philadelphia Stock Exchange is the premier exchange for trading foreign options. The most traded stock indices include SP 500, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the Nasdaq 100, and the Nikkei 225. The US indices and the Nikkei 225 trade almost round the clock. The N225 is also traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Derivatives in India (Now) At present Derivatives Trading has been permitted by the SEBI on the derivative segment of the BSE and the FO segment of the NSE. The nature of derivative contracts permitted are: Index Futures contracts introduced in June 2000 Index Option introduced in June 2001 Stock Option introduced in July 2001 Currency Futures and options introduced in 2008 Interest rate futures introduced in August 2009 The minimum contract size for a derivative contract is Rs 2 Lakh. Besides the minimum contract size, there is a stipulation for lot size of a derivative contract. The lot size refers to number of securities underlying in one contract. The lot size of the underlying individual security should be in multiples of 100 and fractions. Commodity Exchanges In India there are 25 recognized future exchanges, of which there are three national level multi commodity exchanges. After a gap of almost three decades, Government of India has allowed forward transactions in commodities through Online Commodity Exchanges, a modification of traditional business known as Adhat and Vayda Vyapar to facilitate better risk coverage and delivery of commodities. The three exchanges are: National Commodity Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited (MCX) National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Limited (NMCEIL) All the exchanges have been set up under overall control of Forward Market Commission (FMC) of Government of India. National Commodity Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) National Commodity Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) located in Mumbai is a public limited company incorporated on April 23, 2003 under the Companies Act, 1956 and had commenced its operations on December 15, 2003.This is the only commodity exchange in the country promoted by national level institutions. It is promoted by ICICI Bank Limited, Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE). It is a professionally managed online multi commodity exchange. NCDEX is regulated by Forward Market Commission and is subjected to various laws of the land like the Companies Act, Stamp Act, Contracts Act, Forward Commission (Regulation) Act and various other legislations. Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited (MCX) Headquartered in Mumbai Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited (MCX), is an independent and de-mutulised exchange with a permanent recognition from Government of India. Key shareholders of MCX are Financial Technologies (India) Ltd., State Bank of India, Union Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Bank of India and Canara Bank. MCX facilitates online trading, clearing and settlement operations for commodity futures markets across the country. MCX started offering trade in November 2003 and has built strategic alliances with Bombay Bullion Association, Bombay Metal Exchange, and Solvent Extractors. Association of India, Pulses Importers Association and Shetkari Sanghatana. National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Limited (NMCEIL) National Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited (NMCEIL) is the first demutualized, Electronic Multi-Commodity Exchange in India. On 25th July, 2001, it was granted approval by the Government to organise trading in the edible oil complex. It has operationalized from November 26, 2002. Central Warehousing Corporation Ltd., Gujarat State Agricultural Marketing Board and Neptune Overseas Limited are supporting it. It got its recognition in October 2002 Research Methodology Correlation Analysis Correlation analysis is a statistical technique used to measure the magnitude of linear relationship between two variables. Correlation analysis cannot be used in isolation to describe the relationship between variables. It can be used along with regression to determine the relationship between two variables. Thus it can be used as the basis for further analysis. There are two prominent correlation coefficients i.e. Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient and Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient. But in this report we have used the Pearsons method to compute the correlation. Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient It measures the strength of the linear relationship between two variables. This is also known as simple correlation coefficient and is denoted by r. The r value ranges from -1 to +1. If the r value is -1 than it indicates that there is the perfect negative relationship between the two variables. If the value is +1 than it indicates the perfect positive relationship between the two variables. If the value is 0 it indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables. It can be calculated as follows https://mathbits.com/mathbits/tisection/statistics2/IntroS7.gif Where r = correlation coefficient for the variables X and Y Regression Analysis Regression analysis is another statistical tool for measuring the association the between the two variables. It is the technique used to predict the nature and closeness of relationship between two or more variables. This method is different from correlation analysis. It helps to evaluate the causal effect of one of the dependent variable based on the information about one or more independent variables. Regression analysis that involves two variables is termed bi-variate linear regression analysis. Regression analysis that involves more than two variables is termed as multiple regression analysis. The bi-variate linear regression involves analyzing the straight line relationship between the two continuous variables. The bi-variate linear regression can be expressed as: Y=  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡ + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²x Y represents the dependent variable X represents the independent variable  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡ and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² are the two constants which are known as regression coefficients ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² is the slope coefficient i.e. ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² is the change in the value of Y with the corresponding change in 1 unit of X.

When and How Do I Fertilize Trees

Ideally, growing trees should be fertilized throughout the year but a bit differently as trees age. A tree needs larger amounts of nitrogen (N) based fertilizer during the growing season. Nitrogen-based solutions should be applied during the early spring and summer months. Several light applications a year are preferred as the tree gets older to a point where they need very little fertilizer. A soil test may be needed to determine the amounts of phosphorus (P), potassium (K). Read the label for proper ratios and application rates of N, P, and K for trees. Important Age Considerations Here is how you should fertilize  a tree as it ages: Newly planted tree phase - these trees are still babies and should have only minimal applications of a quick release fertilizer and more of a type that releases slowly. High nitrogen release rates on newly planted trees will burn roots and leaves  on contact. Note: Liquid and fully composted fertilizers have the fastest release rates while slow release forms tend to be granular and less water soluble.Rapidly growing young tree phase - encouraging the rapid growth of young saplings may be in your tree management plan. It is certainly desirable and appropriate to up the fertilization rates, especially with adequately spaced trees on sites low in organic matter. When using the recommended rate labeled on your fertilizer container, a twice a year feeding is perfect.Mature and stable tree phase -  As trees mature their growth rate naturally slows down. The need for fertilization drops and your applications need to be reduced. You have now arrived at a low maintenance level for fertili zing  established trees. The purpose of this low maintenance level is to maintain trees in a healthy condition without excessive vegetative growth. Again, for young trees, the time to put out fertilizer is late March through early June. When a tree reaches the desired height you may want to decrease the fertilizer application to only once a year. How to Fertilize a Tree You do not need to remove mulch to fertilize! Scatter or drop pellet fertilizer under the trees drip zone but avoid touching the tree trunk with the material. Do not over-fertilize. An application of between .10 and .20 pounds of nitrogen per 100 sq. ft. will be adequate. Again, read the label. Keep solid or concentrated fertilizer off stems and leaves and adequately water the fertilizer into the soil as that prevents fertilizer burn injury to roots. Stick with the higher ratio nitrogen fertilizers unless your tree is determined to be deficient in potassium or phosphorus (soil test). N-P-K rates of 18-5-9, 27-3-3, or 16-4-8 are good bets. Not all trees are alike and conifers rarely need high rates of fertilizer so you might want to skip applications or stop feeding after a year. Organic Fertilizers Some uncomposted  Organic fertilizers come from plant and animal sources. These fertilizers have a slower release of nutrients as they need to be decomposed by soil microorganisms. They are easy on plant roots but take longer to become effective. Organic fertilizers are harder to find than inorganic fertilizers and often more expensive but they are the least harmful and less exacting when applying. The best organic fertilizers are cottonseed meal, bone meal, manure and chicken litter. Read the label (if packaged) for application methods and amounts to use.​ Inorganic Fertilizers Inorganic fertilizers are inexpensive and are the most frequently used fertilizers for trees. Inorganic nitrogen based tree food sources are sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate.General purpose fertilizers are complete with N-P-K which is usually defined as the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the mixture. You can use these excellent fertilizers but dont overdo. Use high-ratio nitrogen products unless a soil test suggests a lack of other nutrients. Inorganic fertilizers can come in slow-release, liquid or water-soluble for foliar application. Read the label for application rates. Remember Organic Soil Amendments The greatest value of most organic materials is in the change they bring to soil structure. Remember that chemical fertilizers have no positive physical effect on soil structure. Peat moss, leaf mold, aged pine bark, or sawdust and stable manure can improve the soil while adding nutrients. These amendments increase the fertilizer and water-holding capacity of many soils. Mulching with these amendments aids in root development.